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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-36713

LIBERTY BROADBAND CORPORATION

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

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Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (720) 875-5700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of Liberty Broadband Corporation computed by reference to the last sales price of such stock, as of the closing of trading on June 30, 2025, was $12.2 billion.

The number of outstanding shares of Liberty Broadband Corporation common stock as of January 31, 2026 was:

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Documents Incorporated by Reference

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LIBERTY BROADBAND

CORPORATION

2025 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10‑K

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding future expenses; the performance, results of operations and cash flows of our equity affiliate, Charter Communications, Inc. (“Charter”); the expansion of Charter’s network; projected sources and uses of cash; the effects of legal and regulatory developments; the Transactions (as defined below); indebtedness and the anticipated impact of certain contingent liabilities related to legal and tax proceedings and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. You can identify some of the forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “should,” “may” and other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. In particular, statements under Item 1. "Business," Item 1A. "Risk Factors," Item 2. "Properties," Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" contain forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements inherently involve many risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in these statements. Where, in any forward-looking statement, we express an expectation or belief as to future results or events, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but such statements necessarily involve risks and uncertainties. There can be no assurance that such expectations or beliefs will result or be achieved or accomplished and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The following include some but not all of the factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated:

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These forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Annual Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. When considering such forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the factors described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and other cautionary statements contained in this Annual Report. Such risk factors and statements describe circumstances which could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

This Annual Report includes information concerning Charter, a public company that files reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Information in this Annual Report concerning Charter has been derived from the reports and other information filed by it with the SEC. If you would like further information about Charter, the reports and other information it files with the SEC can be accessed on the Internet website maintained by the SEC at www.sec.gov. Those reports and other information are not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

PART I.

Item 1. Business

General Development of Business

Liberty Broadband Corporation (“Liberty Broadband,” “the Company,” “us,” “we,” or “our”) is primarily comprised of an equity method investment in Charter.

During May 2014, the board of directors of Liberty Media Corporation and its subsidiaries (“Liberty”) authorized management to pursue a plan to spin-off to its stockholders common stock of a wholly owned subsidiary, Liberty Broadband, and to distribute subscription rights to acquire shares of Liberty Broadband’s common stock (the “Broadband Spin-Off”). Liberty Broadband was formed in 2014 as a Delaware corporation.

On December 18, 2020, the original GCI Liberty, Inc. (“prior GCI Liberty”), the previous parent company of GCI, was acquired by Liberty Broadband. Through a number of prior years’ transactions, Liberty Broadband has acquired an interest in Charter. Liberty Broadband controls 25.01% of the aggregate voting power of Charter as described below in “Business – Ownership Interests.”

In July 2025, Liberty Broadband and its subsidiaries completed an internal reorganization preceding the GCI Divestiture (as defined below) to transfer the GCI Business (as defined below) to GCI Liberty, Inc. (“GCI Liberty”). Following the internal reorganization, GCI Liberty owns, directly or indirectly, GCI, LLC and the operations comprising, and the entities that conduct, the GCI Business (collectively, “GCI”). GCI Liberty was a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Broadband until the GCI Divestiture, which was completed on July 14, 2025. GCI Liberty is presented as a discontinued operation in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. See note 2 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for details of the GCI Divestiture.

In connection with the Broadband Spin-Off, Liberty and Liberty Broadband entered into certain agreements in order to govern certain of the ongoing relationships between the two companies after the Broadband Spin-Off and to provide for an orderly transition, including a tax sharing agreement, services agreement and a facilities sharing agreement. Additionally, in

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connection with a prior transaction, prior GCI Liberty and QVC Group, Inc., formerly Qurate Retail, Inc. (“QVC Group”), entered into a tax sharing agreement, which was assumed by Liberty Broadband as a result of the combination of prior GCI Liberty and Liberty Broadband. The tax sharing agreement provides for the allocation and indemnification of tax liabilities and benefits between QVC Group and Liberty Broadband and other agreements related to tax matters. Under the facilities sharing agreement, Liberty Broadband shares office space with Liberty and related amenities at Liberty’s corporate headquarters.

Pursuant to the services agreement, Liberty provides Liberty Broadband with general and administrative services including legal, tax, accounting, treasury, information technology, cybersecurity and investor relations support. Liberty Broadband reimburses Liberty for direct, out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Liberty in providing these services which are negotiated semi-annually, as necessary.

Recent Events

On November 12, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Merger Agreement”) under which Charter has agreed to acquire Liberty Broadband (the “Combination”, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”). Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, each holder of Liberty Broadband Series A common stock (“LBRDA”), Series B common stock (“LBRDB”), and Series C common stock (“LBRDK”) (collectively, “Liberty Broadband common stock”) will receive 0.236 of a share of Charter Class A common stock per share of Liberty Broadband common stock held, with cash to be paid in lieu of fractional shares. Each holder of Liberty Broadband Series A cumulative redeemable preferred stock (“Liberty Broadband preferred stock”) will receive one share of newly issued Charter Series A cumulative redeemable preferred stock (“Charter preferred stock”) per share of Liberty Broadband preferred stock held. The Charter preferred stock will substantially mirror the current terms of the Liberty Broadband preferred stock, including a mandatory redemption date of March 8, 2039. At the special meeting held on February 26, 2025, the requisite holders of LBRDA, LBRDB and Liberty Broadband preferred stock approved the adoption of the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, Liberty Broadband will combine with Charter and divested the business of GCI (the “GCI Business”).

As discussed above, as a condition to closing the Combination, Liberty Broadband agreed to divest the GCI Business by way of a distribution to the holders of Liberty Broadband common stock (the “GCI Divestiture”), which was completed on July 14, 2025. The GCI Divestiture was taxable to Liberty Broadband and its stockholders, with Charter bearing the corporate level tax liability upon completion of the Combination. If such corporate level tax liability exceeded $420 million, Liberty Broadband (and Charter upon completion of the Combination) would be entitled under a tax receivables agreement to the portion of the tax benefits realized by GCI Liberty corresponding to such excess; however, the corporate level tax liability from the GCI Divestiture is estimated to be significantly less than $420 million.

In addition, in connection with the entry into the Merger Agreement, Charter, Liberty Broadband and Advance/Newhouse Partnership (“A/N”) entered into an amendment (the “Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment”) to (i) that certain Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated as of May 23, 2015 (as amended, the “Stockholders Agreement”), by and among Charter, Liberty Broadband, and A/N, and (ii) that certain Letter Agreement, dated as of February 23, 2021 (the “Letter Agreement”), by and between Charter and Liberty Broadband. Pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, each month during the pendency of the proposed Transactions under the Merger Agreement, Charter is intended to repurchase shares of Charter Class A common stock from Liberty Broadband in an amount equal to the greater of (i) $100 million and (ii) an amount such that immediately after giving effect thereto, Liberty Broadband would have sufficient cash to satisfy certain obligations as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and Merger Agreement, provided that if any repurchase would reduce Liberty Broadband’s equity interest in Charter below 25.25% after giving effect to such repurchase or if all or a portion of such repurchase is not permissible, then Charter shall instead loan to Liberty Broadband an amount equal to the lesser of (x) the repurchase amount that cannot be repurchased and (y) an agreed minimum liquidity threshold as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment less the repurchase amount that is repurchased, with such loan to occur on the terms set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, in each case, subject to certain conditions. Liberty Broadband will remain subject to the existing voting cap of 25.01% as described below in “Business – Ownership Interests.” Proceeds from share repurchases applied to debt service are expected to be tax free.

On May 16, 2025, Charter and Cox announced that they entered into a definitive agreement (the “Cox Transaction Agreement”) to combine their businesses (the “Cox Transactions”). In connection with this transaction, Liberty Broadband has agreed to accelerate the closing of the Combination to occur contemporaneously with the Cox Transactions. There are no changes to any other transaction terms of the pending Liberty Broadband and Charter transaction.

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In connection with the GCI Divestiture, Martin E. Patterson was appointed to the role of President and Chief Executive Officer of Liberty Broadband, effective July 14, 2025. Upon effectiveness of Mr. Patterson’s appointment, John C. Malone resigned as President and Chief Executive Officer but remains Chairman of the Board.

GCI Divestiture

On June 19, 2025, Liberty Broadband entered into a Separation and Distribution Agreement (the “Separation and Distribution Agreement”), whereby, subject to the terms thereof, GCI Liberty, a Nevada corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Broadband, would spin-off from Liberty Broadband.

Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the GCI Divestiture was accomplished by means of a distribution by Liberty Broadband of 0.20 of a share of GCI Liberty’s Series A, B and C GCI Group common stock (collectively, the “GCI Group common stock”), for each whole share of the corresponding series of Liberty Broadband common stock held as of June 30, 2025 by the holder thereof. The distribution of the GCI Group common stock was completed on July 14, 2025. As a result of the GCI Divestiture, GCI Liberty is an independent, publicly traded company and its businesses, assets and liabilities initially consisted of 100% of the outstanding equity interests in GCI.

In connection with the GCI Divestiture, Liberty Broadband entered into certain agreements with GCI Liberty, including the Separation and Distribution Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, Liberty Broadband and GCI Liberty will indemnify each other against certain losses that may arise, a tax sharing agreement (the “GCI Tax Sharing Agreement”) and a tax receivables agreement (the “GCI Tax Receivables Agreement”). The GCI Tax Sharing Agreement governs the allocation of taxes, tax benefits, tax items and tax-related losses between Liberty Broadband and GCI Liberty, and the GCI Tax Receivables Agreement governs the respective rights and obligations of Liberty Broadband and GCI Liberty with respect to certain tax matters.

As the GCI Divestiture represents a strategic shift that had a major effect on Liberty Broadband’s operations and financial results, GCI Liberty is presented as a discontinued operation from the GCI Divestiture date.

Description of Business

Charter Communications, Inc.

Introduction

Charter is a leading broadband connectivity company with services available to 58 million homes and small to large businesses across 41 states through its Spectrum^® brand. Founded in 1993, Charter has evolved from providing cable TV to streaming, and from high-speed Internet to a converged broadband, WiFi and mobile experience. Over the Spectrum Fiber Broadband Network and supported by its 100% United States (“U.S.”)-based employees, Charter offers Seamless Connectivity and Entertainment with Spectrum Internet^®, Mobile, TV and Voice products.

Charter’s strategy is focused on utilizing its fiber-powered network to deliver high-quality, competitively priced products, with outstanding service, allowing Charter to increase both the number of customers it serves over its network and the number of products it sells to each customer. This combination also reduces the number of service transactions Charter performs per relationship, yielding higher customer satisfaction and lower customer churn, which results in lower costs to acquire and serve customers and drives greater profitability.

Products

Charter offers Spectrum Internet products with speeds up to 1 gigabits per second (“Gbps”) across its entire footprint and multi-gigabit speeds in a portion of its footprint. Charter continues to upgrade its connectivity network, and Charter will offer symmetrical and multi-gigabit Internet speeds across its entire footprint in the next several years. Advanced WiFi, a managed WiFi service that provides customers an optimized home network while providing greater control of connected devices with enhanced security and privacy, is available to all of Charter’s Internet customers. Spectrum Mobile^® is available to all new and existing Spectrum Internet customers and offers plans that include fifth generation (“5G”) access, do not require contracts and include taxes and fees in the price. Charter continues to innovate its video product and has transformed all of its affiliation agreements with major programmers. These new agreements give Charter greater overall packaging flexibility and the ability to

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include the ad-supported versions of key programmer streaming applications, at no extra cost, within its video packages along with the ability to upgrade to ad-free versions and to sell those applications to customers à la carte for a seamless entertainment experience. Together with Charter’s Xumo Stream Boxes (“Xumo”), its goal is to deliver utility and value for customers, irrespective of how they want to view content, and better and more stable economics for its programming partners and Charter.

Pricing & Packaging and Customer Commitments

Charter’s fully deployed fiber-powered network offers ubiquitous and seamless connectivity products. It removes barriers and creates opportunities for customers, in every aspect of their lives. Charter’s brand platform, Life Unlimited^™, emphasizes the power of its advanced network and cutting-edge connectivity products and services, and its simplified pricing strategy better utilizes its seamless connectivity and entertainment products to offer lower promotional and persistent bundled pricing to drive growth. Additionally, Charter’s customer commitments focus on reliable connectivity, transparency, exceptional service and always improving. Through reliable connectivity, Charter is committed to keeping its customers connected 100% of the time and promptly resolving issues. Transparency at every step means Charter provides clear and simple pricing and timely service updates, and Charter takes responsibility when things go wrong. Through exceptional service, Charter provides exceptional customer experiences. And finally, always improving means Charter acts on its customers' feedback to improve its products and customer service.

Network Evolution

Charter’s network and product evolution plan continues to progress, with a clear path to delivering symmetrical and multi-gig speeds to its customers across its footprint, meeting the needs of today and anticipating the growing demand for faster speeds for years to come. Charter continues to expand the capacity of its fiber-powered network using a number of technologies, including spectrum expansion, initially to 1.2 gigahertz (“GHz”) and then to 1.8 GHz, changing the bandwidth allocation to a “high split” to increase upstream speeds, Distributed Access Architecture ("DAA") and DOCSIS 4.0 technology. Through this process, which Charter expects to be largely complete by the end of 2027, it will transform its network to offer much faster Internet speeds. Those faster Internet speeds will be offered in conjunction with the Spectrum Mobile product and Advanced WiFi, providing customers seamless and convenient, ultra-fast converged connectivity in attractively priced packages.

Expansion

Since inception in the beginning of 2022, Charter has spent $7.7 billion on its subsidized rural construction initiative and activated approximately 1.3 million passings. Rural footprint builds present strategic network expansion opportunities to deliver service to unserved and underserved passings. Charter’s rural investments allow Charter to offer a suite of broadband connectivity services, including fixed Internet, WiFi and mobile to unserved areas in states where it currently operates. To accomplish all of this, Charter has invested in new construction teams and new equipment. These investments will allow Charter to generate long-term infrastructure-style returns by taking further advantage of Charter’s scale efficiencies, network quality and construction capabilities, while offering its high-quality products and services to more homes and businesses.

Products and Services

Charter offers its customers subscription-based Internet, mobile, video and voice services, with prices and related charges based on the types of service selected, whether the services are sold as a “bundle” or on an individual basis, and based on the equipment necessary to receive Charter’s services. Bundled services, including some combination of Charter’s Internet, mobile, video and/or voice products, are available to substantially all of Charter’s passings.

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To better reflect the converged and integrated nature of Charter’s business and operations, in the fourth quarter of 2025, Charter revised its customer relationship statistics to include all mobile customers, including mobile-only customers, and have added information on total connectivity customers, which represent all customers receiving Charter’s Internet and/or mobile connectivity services. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2025, certain reporting policies related to mobile lines were revised to better align with other Charter services. Other minor changes were made to small business Internet customers and mid-market & large business primary service units (“PSUs”) to standardize reporting methodologies. Prior periods have been revised accordingly. The following table from Charter’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 summarizes Charter’s customer statistics for connectivity, Internet, mobile, video and voice as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands except per customer data and footnotes).

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Residential Services

Connectivity Services

Charter provides its customers with a suite of broadband connectivity services, including fixed Internet, WiFi and mobile, which when bundled together provides Charter’s customers with a differentiated converged connectivity experience while saving consumers money.

Charter offers Spectrum Internet products with speeds up to 1 Gbps across its entire footprint and multi-gigabit speeds in a portion of its footprint. Charter also continues to upgrade its connectivity network, and Charter will offer symmetrical and multi-gigabit Internet speeds across its entire footprint in the next several years. Spectrum Internet bundled with Charter’s in-home Advanced WiFi allows multiple people within a single household to stream high definition 4K video content while simultaneously using its Internet service for other purposes including two-way video conferencing, gaming and virtual reality, among other things.

Charter’s in-home WiFi product provides its Internet customers with high performance wireless routers and a managed WiFi service to maximize their wireless Internet experience. Charter offers Advanced WiFi service across all of its footprint along with WiFi 7 routers capable of delivering multi-gigabit speeds wirelessly. With Advanced WiFi, customers enjoy a cloud-optimized WiFi connection and have the ability to view and control their WiFi network through the Spectrum app (“My Spectrum^® App”). The service enables parental control schedules and Spectrum Security Shield which is automatically enabled and protects all devices in the home using network-based security. In early 2026, Charter will launch its Invincible WiFi^TM product, a tri-band advanced WiFi 7 router that integrates 5G cellular and battery backup to keep customers seamlessly and fully connected during service disruption or a power outage. Customers also have the option to add Spectrum WiFi extenders to Advanced WiFi and Charter recently launched WiFi 7 extenders that enable multi-gigabit speeds to reach larger spaces.

Charter also offers the capabilities of the Advanced WiFi service to MDUs as Advanced Community WiFi (“ACW”). With ACW, tenants receive the same visibility and control over their apartment’s WiFi networks through the My Spectrum App, while building managers are able to see and manage the entire building’s network through a purpose-built property service portal. Charter also offers Spectrum Ready pre-installed connectivity services to MDUs and single-family communities, which allows customers to set up Spectrum Internet with Advanced WiFi and video services in their home without ordering equipment or scheduling installation through permanent WiFi routers already installed in the property. New residents simply scan a QR code and confirm services through a new or existing Spectrum account.

The Spectrum Mobile service is offered to customers subscribing to Charter’s Internet service and uses the customers’ private WiFi, its Spectrum Mobile network (comprised of 49 million out-of-home WiFi access points across its footprint combined with out-of-home WiFi access points from other networks with which Charter partners) as well as leveraging the

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cellular network of Verizon Communications Inc. ("Verizon"). Charter leverages the Verizon cellular network to provide nationwide coverage including unlimited calls, text and data using Verizon’s fourth generation and 5G service including their latest 5G technology. Spectrum Mobile also uses Verizon’s international roaming partner network to ensure customers have coverage around the globe. In addition, in July 2025, Charter entered into a multi-year agreement with T-Mobile US, Inc. (“T-Mobile”) to use its network to deliver mobile services to Spectrum Business customers which is set to launch in 2026.

Charter continues to improve the customer experience and integrate its mobile and fixed Internet products with enhancements such as Spectrum Mobile Speed Boost (“Speed Boost”). Customers are eligible for Speed Boost if they have both Spectrum Mobile and Spectrum Internet, a DOCSIS 3.1 modem and an Advanced WiFi router. When connected on their Spectrum Mobile device through Advanced WiFi service, customers are now experiencing the fastest overall speeds up to 1 Gbps.

Charter provides wireline voice communications services using voice over Internet protocol (“VoIP”) technology to transmit digital voice signals over its network. Charter’s voice services include unlimited local and long distance calling to the United States, Canada, Mexico and Puerto Rico, voicemail, call waiting, caller ID, call forwarding and other features and offers international calling either by the minute, or through packages of minutes per month. Charter also offers Call Guard, an advanced caller ID and robocall blocking solution, for its residential and small business voice customers. Call Guard reduces customer frustration and improves security by blocking malicious calls while ensuring customers continue to receive the legitimate automated calls they need from schools or healthcare providers.

Video Services

Charter provides its customers with a choice of video programming services on a variety of platforms and through a variety of programming packages with approximately 375 channels available in home and out of home allowing its customers to access the programming they want, when they want it, on any device. Charter has completed deals with major programmers to deliver better flexibility and greater value to its customers by including seamless entertainment applications with certain of its Spectrum TV packages at no additional cost. In July 2025, Charter began launching the sale of these seamless entertainment applications to customers on an à la carte basis and in October 2025 launched the Spectrum App Store, a digital storefront that helps customers activate, upgrade, buy and manage their streaming applications in one place.

Charter deploys Xumo stream boxes to new video customers. Xumo combines a live TV experience with access to hundreds of content applications and features unified search and discovery along with a curated content offering based on the customer's interests and subscriptions. Combined with the Spectrum TV app, Xumo is now Charter’s preferred go-to-market platform for new video sales.

Customers are increasingly accessing their subscription video content through Charter’s highly rated Spectrum TV app via mobile devices and connected Internet Protocol (“IP”) devices, such as Xumo, Apple TV, Roku, Vizio, LG and Samsung TV. Access to the Spectrum TV app is included in all Spectrum TV video plans. The Spectrum TV app allows users to stream content across a growing number of platforms as well as access their full TV lineup and watch on demand content. It also supports DVR functionality through Charter’s cloud DVR offering.

Charter’s video service also includes access to an interactive programming guide with parental controls, video on demand (“VOD”) and pay-per-view services. VOD service allows customers to select from approximately 100,000 titles at any time. VOD programming options may be accessed at no additional cost if the content is associated with a customer’s linear subscription, or for a fee on a transactional basis. VOD services are also offered on a subscription basis, included in a digital tier premium channel subscription, or for a monthly fee. Pay-per-view channels allow customers with a set-top box to pay on a per-event basis to view a single showing of a one-time special sporting event, music concert, or similar event on a commercial-free basis. Charter also offers digital video recorder (“DVR”) service that enables customers to digitally record programming and to pause and rewind live programming. Charter’s cloud DVR service allows customers to schedule, record and watch their favorite programming anytime from the Spectrum TV app as well as SpectrumTV.com.

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Commercial Services

Charter offers scalable broadband communications solutions for businesses and carrier organizations of all sizes, selling Internet access, data networking, fiber connectivity to cellular towers and office buildings, video entertainment services and business telephone services.

Small Business

Spectrum Business offers Internet, mobile, video and voice services to small businesses over its fiber-powered network. Charter also offers Advanced WiFi service to small businesses, which leverages the residential platform features, including Security Shield, with features specific to businesses such as a guest network through a service set identifier (“SSID”). Spectrum Business includes a full range of video programming and offers Internet speeds up to 1 Gbps across Charter’s entire footprint. Spectrum Business also includes a set of business services including static IP and business WiFi, e-mail and security, and voice services through either a traditional voice offering or hosted voice solution. Spectrum Business Connect is a small business communications solution that includes Spectrum Internet, voice and complementary mobility features allowing its customers’ remote and office employees to stay more easily connected regardless of their location. Charter also offers Wireless Internet Backup to its small business customers which is designed to enhance and protect Internet service for small businesses in the event of a network disruption.

Mid-Market & Large Business

Spectrum Business for mid-market & large businesses offers tailored connectivity, communications and managed service solutions over a high-capacity last-mile network with speeds up to 100 Gbps to large businesses and government entities (local, state and federal), in addition to wholesale services to mobile and wireline carriers. The Spectrum Business product portfolio for mid-market & large businesses includes connectivity services such as Internet Access (fiber, coax and wireless delivered); Wide Area Network (“WAN”) services (Ethernet, Software Defined-WAN and cloud connectivity) that privately and securely connect geographically dispersed customer locations and cloud service providers; and Managed Service solutions which address a wide range of enterprise networking (e.g. routing, Local Area Network, WiFi) and security (e.g. firewall, Distributed Denial of Service protection) challenges. To meet the communications needs of these more sophisticated customers, Spectrum Business also offers an array of voice trunking services and unified messaging, communications and collaboration products. Charter offers Unified Communications services integrated with its connectivity and managed services to give customers more choices for enhancing their digital experience across locations and devices. In addition, Spectrum Business offers a wide range of video solutions targeting unique needs of customers across multiple industries with a specific focus on hospitality, healthcare, government and education. Spectrum Business serves mid-market & large businesses nationally by combining its large serviceable footprint with a robust portfolio of fiber lit buildings and a significant wholesale partner network. As a result, these customers benefit by obtaining advanced solutions from a single provider who is committed to an exceptional customer experience and who delivers compelling value by simplifying procurement and offering competitive pricing potentially reducing customer costs.

Advertising Services

Charter’s advertising sales division, Spectrum Reach, offers local, regional and national businesses the opportunity to advertise in individual and multiple service areas on cable television networks, various streaming services and numerous advanced advertising platforms. Charter receives revenue from the sale of local advertising across various platforms for networks such as TBS, CNN and ESPN. Charter inserts local advertising on up to 100 channels in over 90 markets and on multiple streaming services and free advertising-supported streaming television channels including Amazon, Xumo and others. Charter’s large footprint provides opportunities for advertising customers to address broader regional audiences from a single provider and thus reach more customers with a single transaction. Charter’s size also provides scale to invest in new technology to create more targeted and addressable advertising capabilities.

Available advertising time is generally sold by Charter’s advertising sales force. In some service areas, Charter has formed advertising interconnects or entered into representation agreements with other video distributors, including, among others, Verizon, DirecTV and Comcast, under which Charter sells advertising on behalf of those operators. In other service areas, Charter enters into representation agreements under which another operator in the area will sell advertising on its behalf. These arrangements enable Charter and its partners to represent and deliver commercials on their inventory across wider geographic areas, replicating the reach of local broadcast television stations to the extent possible. In addition, Charter enters into interconnect

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agreements from time to time with other cable operators, which, on behalf of a number of video operators, sell advertising time to national and regional advertisers in individual or multiple service areas.

Additionally, Charter sells the advertising inventory of its owned and operated local sports and news channels, of its regional sports networks that carry Los Angeles Lakers’ basketball games and other sports programming and of SportsNet LA, a regional sports network that carries Los Angeles Dodgers’ baseball games and other sports programming.

In conjunction with other multichannel video programming distributors (“MVPDs”), Spectrum Reach enables multi-channel cable networks (e.g. AMC, Univision) to deploy household addressability on their own inventory in Charter’s footprint, charging them an enablement fee. Charter has a proprietary platform that uses set-top box viewership data (all anonymized and aggregated), to create data-driven linear TV campaigns for local advertisers. Spectrum Reach also offers a programmatic sales platform allowing advertising agencies and advertisers to buy inventory in a fully automated way. Streaming TV, which is largely comprised of Spectrum TV app impressions, as well as those from numerous over-the-top streaming content providers, is part of its suite of advanced advertising products available to the marketplace. Additionally, Spectrum Reach purchases third-party inventory in its markets when needed. Spectrum Reach is also now employing multi-screen deterministic attribution services for television and streaming services that lets advertisers know the effectiveness of their advertising on Spectrum Reach’s platform.

Other Services

Regional Sports Networks

Charter has an agreement with the Los Angeles Lakers for rights to distribute all locally available Los Angeles Lakers’ games through 2032. Charter broadcasts those games on its regional sports network, Spectrum SportsNet. American Media Productions, LLC ("American Media Productions"), an unaffiliated third party, owns SportsNet LA, a regional sports network carrying the Los Angeles Dodgers’ baseball games and other sports programming. In accordance with agreements with American Media Productions, Charter acts as the network’s exclusive affiliate and advertising sales representative and has certain branding and programming rights with respect to the network. In addition, Charter provides certain production and technical services to American Media Productions. The affiliate, advertising, production and programming agreements continue through 2038. Charter also owns 35.0% of Sterling Entertainment Enterprises, LLC (doing business as SportsNet New York), a New York City-based regional sports network that carries New York Mets’ baseball games as well as other regional sports programming.

News Channels

Charter owns and manages over 35 local news channels, including Spectrum News NY1^® and Spectrum News SoCal, 24-hour news channels focused on New York City and Los Angeles, respectively. Charter’s local news channels connect the diverse communities and neighborhoods Charter serves providing 24/7 news, weather and community content focused on hyperlocal stories that address the deeper needs and interests of its customers. Customers can also read, watch and listen to news stories by its Spectrum News journalists and local partner publications on their mobile device on its Spectrum News application and certain smart TVs and streaming devices. In 2025, Charter entered into an agreement with Comcast to expand distribution of Spectrum News to their video customers in California, Connecticut, northern New Jersey, Orlando and Tampa.

Community Solutions

Spectrum Community Solutions^® (“SCS”) delivers broadband connectivity solutions to apartments, single-family gated communities, off-campus student housing, senior residences and RV parks. Services offered by SCS include Internet speeds up to 2 Gbps, property-wide WiFi coverage, Spectrum Ready pre-installed connectivity services and traditional or streaming video packages. SCS delivers these services to its properties via Charter’s fiber-powered network and through either bulk or retail marketing and right-of-entry agreements. Charter’s SCS bulk customers are serviced by dedicated contact centers. SCS also manages Charter’s relationships with third-party resellers of Spectrum services to MDUs.

Pricing of Charter’s Products and Services

Charter’s revenue is principally derived from the monthly fees customers pay for the services Charter provides. Charter typically charges a one-time installation fee which is sometimes waived or discounted in certain sales channels during certain promotional periods.

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Charter’s Spectrum pricing and packaging generally offers a standardized price across its services with bundle options designed to drive more value into a package to fit the customer need. Charter also has specialized offerings to enhance affordability of its Internet product for qualified low-income households, including Spectrum Internet Assist, a 50 megabits per second (“Mbps”) service, and Internet Advantage, a 100 Mbps service. Both are low cost and include a modem for no additional charge.

Charter’s bundle options utilize its unique product assets with multi-year guaranteed pricing and speed options that create more choices and provide faster speeds. Charter’s Internet and mobile product bundles provide a differentiated connectivity experience by bringing together Spectrum Internet, Advanced WiFi and Unlimited Spectrum Mobile to offer consumers fast, reliable and secure online connections on their favorite devices at home and on-the-go in a high-value package. Alternatively, Charter’s mobile customers can choose from unlimited or by-the-gig data usage plans and can easily switch between mobile data plans during the month. All plans include 5G service, free nationwide talk and text, and simple pricing that includes all taxes and fees. Charter’s Unlimited Plus plan also includes an additional 20 gigabytes of data, international calls and roaming in over 190 countries and an Anytime Upgrade program that allows customers to upgrade their devices whenever they want, eliminating traditional wait times, upgrade fees and condition requirements. Customers can also purchase mobile devices and accessory products and have the option to pay for devices under interest-free monthly installment plans. Charter’s device portfolio includes 5G models from Apple, Google and Samsung and Charter offers trade-in options along with its Phone Balance Buyout program which makes switching mobile providers easier by helping customers pay off balances on ported lines.

Charter’s Network Technology

Charter’s network includes three key components: a national backbone, regional/metro networks and a “last-mile” network. Both its national backbone and regional/metro network components utilize a redundant IP ring/mesh fiber architecture. The national backbone component provides connectivity from regional demarcation points to nationally centralized content, connectivity and services. The regional/metro network components provide connectivity between the regional demarcation points and headends within a specific geographic area and enable the delivery of content and services between these network components.

Charter’s last-mile network largely utilizes a hybrid fiber coaxial cable (“HFC”) architecture, which combines the use of fiber optic cable with coaxial cable, together creating its fiber-powered network. In most systems, Charter delivers its signals via fiber optic cable from the headend to a group of nodes, and uses coaxial cable to deliver the signal from individual nodes to the homes served by that node. Charter’s design standard allows spare fiber strands to each node to be utilized for additional residential traffic capacity, and mid-market & large business customer needs as they arise. For Charter’s mid-market & large business customers, fiber optic cable is extended to the customer’s site. For most new buildouts, including for its rural construction initiative, and MDU sites, Charter utilizes an all-fiber deployment. Charter believes that its fiber-powered network design provides high capacity and signal quality with a cost efficient path to increased speeds.

Charter’s fiber-powered network benefits include:

Charter’s systems currently provide a two-way all-digital platform, leveraging DOCSIS 3.1 technology and bandwidth of 750 megahertz or greater, to virtually all of its passings not yet part of Charter’s network evolution initiative. This bandwidth-rich network enables Charter to offer Spectrum Internet Gig across all of its footprint which enables Charter to provide fast, reliable and secure online connections, meeting current customer demands.

Through Charter’s network evolution initiative, Charter is currently expanding its spectrum to 1.2 GHz through a module upgrade in the hub, node and amplifier and using high splits and DAA to deliver multi-gig speed capabilities while using the current DOCSIS 3.1 customer premise equipment. When paired with the next generation of DOCSIS modem, DOCSIS 4.0,

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Charter will be able to deliver even faster speeds. Next, Charter will begin to deploy DOCSIS 4.0 technology in the network, and further increase its spectrum to 1.8 GHz enabling even higher speed capabilities. This network evolution will also allow Charter to extend fiber services to the home in a success based “Fiber on Demand” manner.

Charter plans to complement its wireline investments with planned WiFi upgrades for in-home routers. With nearly 500 million devices connected wirelessly to Charter’s network in its customers’ homes and businesses, Charter is unlocking its network investments for multi-gigabit speeds through the deployment of WiFi 7 routers.

Charter owns 210 Citizen Broadband Radio Service (“CBRS”) Priority Access Licenses (“PALs”). Charter intends to use these licenses along with General Authorized Access CBRS spectrum to build its own 5G data-only mobile network on targeted 5G small cell sites leveraging its HFC network to provide power and data connectivity to the majority of the sites. These 5G small cells, combined with growing WiFi capabilities, increase speed and reliability along with improving Charter’s cost structure through offload of wireless data onto its owned networks. Charter continues to deploy 5G small cell sites in targeted areas of its footprint, as part of a broader multi-year 5G mobile network buildout, based on disciplined cost reduction targets.

Subsidized Rural Construction Initiative

In 2025, Charter continued its subsidized rural construction initiative expanding its network to offer a suite of broadband connectivity services, including fixed Internet, WiFi and mobile to over 1.7 million passings in unserved areas in states where it currently operates. Since inception in the beginning of 2022, Charter has spent $7.7 billion on its subsidized rural construction initiative and activated approximately 1.3 million passings. Including amounts spent to date, Charter expects to invest over $8 billion in total over the span of the initiative, a portion of which it expects to offset with government funding, including over $2 billion of support awarded through December 31, 2025 in the Rural Development Opportunity Fund (“RDOF”) auction and other federal, state and municipal grants, including the Broadband Equity, Access and Deployment (“BEAD”) program. In addition to construction in areas subsidized by various government grants, Charter expects to continue rural construction in areas near its current plant and in areas surrounding subsidized construction where synergies can be achieved. These investments will allow Charter to generate long-term infrastructure-style returns by further taking advantage of Charter’s scale efficiencies, network quality and construction capabilities, while offering its high quality products and services to more homes and businesses. Charter expects these newly served homes will be enabled to engage in remote work, virtual learning, telemedicine and other bandwidth-heavy applications that require high-speed broadband connectivity. Newly served rural areas also will benefit from Charter’s high-value Spectrum pricing and packaging structure including mobile and voice offerings, as well as its comprehensive selection of video products. The successful and timely execution of such fiber-based construction is dependent on a variety of external factors, including the make-ready and utility pole permitting processes. With fewer homes and businesses in these areas, broadband providers need to access multiple poles per home, as opposed to multiple homes per pole in higher-density settings. As a result, pole applications, pole replacement rules and their affiliated issue resolution processes are all factors that can have a significant impact on construction timing and speed to completion. The RDOF auction rules and other subsidy grants establish construction milestones for the build-out utilizing subsidized funding. Failure to meet those milestones could subject Charter to financial penalties.

Management, Customer Operations and Marketing

Charter’s operations are centralized, with senior executives responsible for coordinating and overseeing operations, including establishing company-wide strategies, policies and procedures. Sales and marketing, field operations, customer operations, network technology services, advertising sales, human resources, legal, government relations, communications, product, software development and information technology and finance are all directed at the corporate level. Regional and local field operations are responsible for customer premise service transactions and maintaining and constructing that portion of Charter’s network which is located outdoors. Charter’s field operations strategy includes completing a significant portion of its activity with its employees which Charter finds drives consistent and higher quality services. In 2025, Charter’s in-house field operations workforce handled over 80% of its customer premise service transactions. In addition, Charter has been growing its in-house construction teams to perform a portion of its network expansion initiatives.

Charter’s products and services are backed by an industry-first customer commitment. Charter does not restrict how, or how often, its customers can contact them. Charter is available across a range of channels, including phone, live-agent chat, the Spectrum application and social media. Charter’s customer websites and mobile applications enable customers to pay their bills, manage their accounts, order and activate new services and utilize self-service help and support. In addition, Charter’s self-install program has been beneficial for customers who need flexibility in the timing of their installation.

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Charter’s commitment is reinforced by its customer-first policies and 100% U.S.-based workforce with live customer service representatives available 24/7. Charter manages its customer service call centers centrally to ensure a consistent, high quality customer experience. In addition, Charter routes calls by call type to specific agents that only handle such call types, enabling agents to become experts in addressing specific customer needs, creating a better customer experience. Service from Charter’s call centers continues to become more efficient as a result of new tool enhancements that give its front-line customer service agents more context and real-time information about the customer and their services which allows them to more effectively troubleshoot and resolve issues. Charter’s call center agent desktop interface tool enables virtualization of all call centers thereby better serving its customers. Virtualization allows calls to be routed across Charter’s call centers regardless of the location origin of the call, reducing call wait times, and saving costs.

Charter sells its residential and commercial services using national brand platforms known as Spectrum, Spectrum Business, Spectrum Reach and Spectrum Community Solutions. These brands reflect Charter’s comprehensive approach to industry-leading products, driven by speed, performance and innovation. Charter’s marketing strategy emphasizes the sale of its bundled services through targeted direct response marketing programs to existing and potential customers, and increases awareness and the value of the Spectrum brand. Charter’s marketing organization creates and executes marketing programs intended to grow customer relationships, increase the number of services it sells per relationship, retain existing customers and cross-sell additional products to current customers. Charter monitors the effectiveness of its marketing efforts, customer perception, competition, pricing, and service preferences, among other factors, in order to increase its responsiveness to customers and to improve sales and customer retention. Charter’s Life Unlimited brand platform includes customer commitments that provide performance and service benchmarks and a simplified pricing structure designed to drive more value into Charter’s relationships. Charter’s marketing organization manages all residential and Spectrum Business sales channels including inbound, direct sales, online, outbound telemarketing and stores.

Programming

Charter believes that offering a wide variety of video programming choices influences a customer’s decision to subscribe to and retain its video and Internet services. Charter obtains basic and premium programming, usually pursuant to written contracts from a number of suppliers. Charter has also been successful in obtaining access to the related programmer streaming applications pursuant to those contracts at no additional cost. Media corporation and broadcast station group consolidation has, however, resulted in fewer suppliers and additional selling power on the part of programming suppliers.

Programming is usually made available to Charter for a license fee, which is generally paid based on the number of customers to whom it makes that programming available. Programming license fees may include various discounts such as “volume” discounts and other financial incentives and/or ongoing marketing support, as well as discounts for service penetration. Charter receives revenue to carry home shopping channels. Charter also offers VOD and pay-per-view movies and events that are subject to a revenue split with the content provider.

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Footprint

Charter operates in geographically diverse areas which are managed centrally on a consolidated level. The map below highlights its footprint along with Charter’s planned rural expansion over the span of the initiative based on grants awarded as of December 31, 2025.

Ownership Interests

We own an approximate 32.8% economic ownership interest in Charter, based on shares of Charter’s Class A common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

Pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement, Liberty Broadband’s equity ownership in Charter (on a fully diluted basis) is capped at the greater of 26% or the Voting Cap (as defined below) (the “Equity Cap”). Pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, Liberty Broadband is exempt from the Equity Cap to the extent Liberty Broadband’s equity ownership in Charter exceeds such Equity Cap solely as a result of the repurchase provisions in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment. In the event the Merger Agreement is terminated, Liberty Broadband’s equity ownership in Charter (on a fully diluted basis) is capped at the greater of the Voting Cap or the percentage of equity owned (on a fully diluted basis) by Liberty Broadband on the termination date of the Merger Agreement. As of December 31, 2025, due to Liberty Broadband’s voting interest exceeding the current voting cap of 25.01% (the “Voting Cap”), our voting control of the aggregate voting power of Charter is 25.01%. Under the Stockholders Agreement and the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, Liberty

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Broadband has agreed to vote all voting securities beneficially owned by it, or over which it has voting discretion or control that are in excess of the Voting Cap in the same proportion as all other votes cast by public stockholders of Charter with respect to the applicable matter.

In February 2021, Liberty Broadband was notified that its ownership interest, on a fully diluted basis, had exceeded the Equity Cap set forth in the Stockholders Agreement. On February 23, 2021, Charter and Liberty Broadband entered into the Letter Agreement in order to implement, facilitate and satisfy the terms of the Stockholders Agreement with respect to the Equity Cap. Pursuant to the Letter Agreement, following any month during which Charter purchases, redeems or buys back shares of its Class A common stock, and prior to certain meetings of Charter’s stockholders, Liberty Broadband will be obligated to sell to Charter, and Charter will be obligated to purchase, such number of shares of Class A common stock as is necessary (if any) to reduce Liberty Broadband’s percentage equity interest, on a fully diluted basis, to the Equity Cap (such transaction, a “Charter Repurchase”). The per share sale price for each share of Charter will be equal to the volume weighted average price paid by Charter in its repurchases, redemptions and buybacks of its common stock (subject to certain exceptions) during the month prior to the Charter Repurchase (or, if applicable, during the relevant period prior to the relevant meeting of Charter stockholders). Under the terms of the original Letter Agreement and the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, Liberty Broadband sold 3,757,599, 980,558 and 950,721 shares of Charter Class A common stock to Charter for $1,200 million, $335 million and $394 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, Liberty Broadband sold 484,708 shares of Charter Class A common stock to Charter for $100 million. Charter Repurchases during the pendency of the proposed Transactions under the Merger Agreement are governed by the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment as described below in “Interim Merger Period Stock Repurchases”.

Under the Stockholders Agreement, we have the right to designate three directors to the Charter board of directors, subject to certain exclusions and requirements. Charter has agreed to cause the appointment of at least one of our designees to serve on the nominating and corporate governance, finance, audit and compensation and benefits committees of the board, provided they meet the independence and other qualifications for membership on those committees.

Interim Merger Period Stock Repurchases

Simultaneously with the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, Charter, Liberty Broadband and A/N have entered into an amendment to (i) the Stockholders Agreement and (ii) the Letter Agreement. The Stockholders Agreement and the Letter Agreement, as amended by the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, sets forth certain agreements relating to the governance of Charter and the participation of Liberty Broadband in Charter’s share repurchase program.

Pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, each month during the pendency of the proposed Transactions under the Merger Agreement, Charter is intended to repurchase shares of Charter Class A common stock from Liberty Broadband in an amount equal to the greater of (i) $100 million, and (ii) an amount such that immediately after giving effect thereto, Liberty Broadband would have sufficient cash to satisfy certain obligations as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and Merger Agreement, provided that if any repurchase would reduce Liberty Broadband’s equity interest in Charter below 25.25% after giving effect to such repurchase or if all or a portion of such repurchase is not permissible, then Charter shall instead loan to Liberty Broadband an amount equal to the lesser of (x) the repurchase amount that cannot be repurchased and (y) the Liberty Broadband minimum liquidity threshold less the repurchase amount that is repurchased, with such loan to occur on the terms set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, in each case, subject to certain conditions. From and after the date Liberty Broadband’s 3.125% Debentures due 2053 (as defined below) are no longer outstanding, the amount of monthly repurchases would instead be the lesser of (i) $100 million and (ii) an amount equal to the sum of (x) an amount such that immediately after giving effect thereto, Liberty Broadband would satisfy certain minimum liquidity requirements as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and (y) the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Margin Loan Facility (as defined in note 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). The per share sales price shall be determined as set forth in the Letter Agreement, provided that if Charter has not repurchased shares of its common stock during the relevant repurchase period, the repurchase price shall be based on a Bloomberg Volume Weighted Average Price methodology proposed by Charter and reasonably acceptable to Liberty Broadband.

Regulatory Matters

The following summary addresses the key regulatory and legislative developments affecting the cable industry and Charter’s services for both residential and commercial customers. Cable systems and related communications networks and services are extensively regulated by the federal government (primarily the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”)),

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certain state governments and many local governments. A failure to comply with these regulations could subject Charter to substantial penalties. The following summary of regulatory issues does not purport to describe all existing and proposed federal, state, and local laws and regulations, or judicial and regulatory proceedings that affect Charter’s business. Charter’s business can be dramatically impacted by changes to the existing regulatory framework, whether triggered by legislative, administrative, or judicial rulings. Congress and the FCC have frequently revisited the subject of communications regulation and they are likely to do so again in the future. Charter could be materially disadvantaged in the future if they are subject to new laws, regulations or regulatory actions that do not equally impact key competitors. For example, Internet-delivered streaming video services compete with traditional video service, but they are not subject to the same level of federal, state, and local regulation. In addition, changes in Supreme Court precedent have increased the likelihood that federal courts could vacate federal agency rules that would have been favorable or unfavorable to Charter’s business. There is no assurance that the already extensive regulation of Charter’s business will not be expanded in the future.

Video Service

Must Carry/Retransmission Consent

There are two alternative legal methods for carriage of local broadcast television stations on cable systems. Federal “must carry” regulations require cable systems to carry local broadcast television stations upon the request of the local broadcaster. Alternatively, federal law includes “retransmission consent” regulations, by which popular commercial television stations can prohibit cable carriage unless the cable operator first negotiates for “retransmission consent,” which may be conditioned on significant payments or other concessions. Popular stations routinely invoke “retransmission consent” and demand substantial compensation increases in their negotiations with cable operators, thereby significantly increasing operating costs. A recent federal court decision allows for additional consolidation of the top four rated broadcast stations in local markets, which will likely result in increases in the rates for retransmission consent. Further, the FCC is considering modifying its rules to allow broadcast television ownership groups to own more broadcast stations in a given market and nationally, which would also result in further increases in the rates for retransmission consent.

Pole Attachments

The Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the “Communications Act”), requires investor-owned utilities to provide cable systems with access to poles and conduits upon reasonable, non-discriminatory terms and at rates that are subject to either federal or state regulation. Federal regulations, which apply in twenty-six states, establish cost-based rental rates applicable to pole attachments used for cable or telecommunications services, including when offered together with Internet service, and at times establish mandatory timelines for processing pole access requests and limitations on make-ready costs that pole owners may charge for accommodating attachments. The FCC’s approach does not directly affect the rate in the twenty-three states that self-regulate, but most of those states follow substantially similar approaches as the FCC. The federal pole attachment law does not extend to poles owned by electric cooperatives or municipal electric companies, but states are free to regulate these entities, and some do. There can be challenges getting access to poles in rural areas where upfront construction and make ready costs can be higher and where pole owners may be slow to grant permit requests, especially when the FCC pole attachment rules do not apply or when FCC mandatory timelines do not apply, as is the case in many rural builds.

Other FCC Regulatory Matters

The Communications Act and FCC regulations cover a variety of additional areas applicable to Charter’s video services, including, among other things: (1) licensing of systems and facilities, including the grant of various spectrum licenses; (2) equal employment opportunity obligations; (3) customer service standards; (4) technical standards; (5) mandatory blackouts of certain network and syndicated programming; (6) restrictions on political advertising; (7) restrictions on advertising in children’s programming; (8) ownership restrictions; (9) posting of certain information on an FCC “public file” website, including but not limited to political advertising records, equal employment opportunity practices, compliance with children’s programming requirements, policies for commercial leased access, system information, and channel carriage information including disclosure of Charter’s ownership interests in channels carried; (10) emergency alert systems; (11) inside wiring and contracts for MDU complexes; (12) accessibility of content, including requirements governing video-description and closed-captioning; (13) competitive availability of cable equipment; (14) the provision of up to 15% of video channel capacity for commercial leased access by unaffiliated third parties; (15) public, education and government entity access requirements; and (16) disclosure of an aggregated monthly “all-in” price on customer bills and advertising materials that include the price of video programming. Each

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of these regulations restricts Charter’s business practices to varying degrees and may impose additional costs on Charter’s operations.

The FCC regulates spectrum usage in ways that could impact Charter’s operations including for microwave backhaul, broadcast, unlicensed WiFi and CBRS. Charter’s ability to access and use spectrum that may become available in the future is uncertain and may be limited by further FCC auction or allocation decisions. Congressional action in 2025 restored the FCC’s auction authority and could result in the licensing of additional spectrum in a manner beneficial to Charter’s competitors. New or additional spectrum obtained by other parties could lead to additional wireless competition to Charter’s existing and future services.

It is possible that Congress or the FCC will expand or modify its regulation of cable systems or the services delivered over cable systems and competing services in the future. Charter cannot predict at this time what new requirements may be adopted and how such changes might impact its business.

Copyright

The carriage of television and radio broadcast signals by cable systems are subject to a federal compulsory copyright license. The copyright law provides copyright owners the right to audit payments under the compulsory license. On December 16, 2024, the Copyright Office issued an order modifying the license’s royalty calculations and reporting obligations, however, Charter does not believe the impact of such modifications will be material. The possible modification or elimination of this license is the subject of continuing legislative proposals and administrative review and could adversely affect Charter’s ability to obtain desired broadcast programming.

Franchise Matters

Charter’s cable systems generally are operated pursuant to nonexclusive franchises, permits, and similar authorizations granted by a municipality or other state or local government entity in order to utilize and cross public rights-of-way. Cable franchises generally are granted for fixed terms and in many cases include monetary penalties for noncompliance and may be terminable if the franchisee fails to comply. The specific terms and conditions of cable franchises vary significantly between jurisdictions. They generally contain provisions governing cable operations, payment of franchise fees, access to and use of rights of way, system construction, maintenance, technical performance, customer service standards, supporting and carrying public, education and government access channels, and changes in the ownership of the franchisee. Although local franchising authorities have considerable discretion in establishing franchise terms, certain federal protections benefit cable operators. For example, federal law imposes a cap on franchise fees of 5% of gross revenue from the provision of cable services over the cable system. The FCC has clarified that the value of in-kind contribution requirements set forth in cable franchises is subject to the statutory cap on franchise fees, and it reaffirmed that state and local authorities are barred from imposing franchise fees on revenue derived from non-cable services, such as Internet services, provided by cable operators over cable systems.

A number of states have adopted franchising laws that provide for state-issued franchises. Generally, state-issued cable franchises are for a fixed term (or in perpetuity), streamline many of the traditional local cable franchise requirements and eliminate local negotiation and enforcement of terms.

The Communications Act provides for an orderly franchise renewal process in which granting authorities may not unreasonably deny renewals. If Charter fails to obtain renewals of franchises representing a significant number of its customers, it could have a material adverse effect on Charter’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or its liquidity. Similarly, if a franchising authority’s consent is required for the purchase or sale of a cable system, the franchising authority may attempt to deny the transaction or impose more burdensome requirements as a condition for providing its consent.

Internet Service

The FCC currently classifies broadband Internet access services, such as those Charter offers, as an “information service,” which exempts the service from traditional communications common carrier laws and regulations. Previously, the FCC has classified broadband Internet access services as “telecommunications service.” If the FCC were again to reclassify broadband Internet access services as telecommunications services, it could adversely affect Charter’s business.

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In 2024, the FCC adopted new requirements based upon Congressional directive to post standardized labels disclosing Charter’s network management policies and performance of its broadband Internet access services, similar to the format of food nutrition labels, for each of Charter’s currently available consumer Internet offerings. The FCC is considering removing some of the details of these requirements.

Federal courts have allowed states to regulate broadband Internet access services, despite their classification as information services. Several states, including California, Maine and Vermont, have adopted rules similar to the network neutrality requirements that were eliminated by the FCC, and the California rules were upheld in federal court.

California has also adopted other regulations, including network resiliency rules to assure backup power is available after natural disasters and other outages and where commercial power has been turned off due to public safety power shutoffs, and it is considering the imposition of licensing requirements and service quality metrics on Internet service providers. New York legislation became effective in 2025 that requires Internet service providers to offer a discounted Internet service to qualifying low-income consumers. Charter cannot predict what other legislation and regulations may be adopted by states, or how challenges to such requirements will be resolved.

In November 2023, the FCC adopted new rules governing digital discrimination, pursuant to The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 (the “IIJA”), to prevent discrimination of access to broadband Internet services. Most of these rules have become effective, but they are subject to ongoing legal challenges. Charter cannot predict what other legislation and regulations may be adopted by states, or the outcome of legal challenges or whether the nature of practices that could be subject to enforcement under these rules could adversely affect its business.

In recent years, the federal, state and local governments have offered billions of dollars in subsidies to companies deploying broadband to areas deemed to be “unserved” or “underserved,” using funds from the FCC’s RDOF auction in 2020, The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (2020), The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (“ARPA”), BEAD and IIJA. Charter supports such subsidies, provided they are not directed to areas that are already served, and have sought and expect to continue to seek subsidies for Charter’s own broadband construction in unserved and underserved areas through programs including RDOF and those created pursuant to ARPA and, if regulatory requirements are reasonable, the IIJA. To date, Charter has been awarded over $2 billion in the RDOF auction and other federal, state and municipal grants that will partially fund, along with Charter’s substantial additional investment, the construction of new broadband infrastructure to over 1.7 million estimated passings. These awards include a number of regulatory requirements, such as serving as the carrier of last resort and completing increasingly larger portions of the network construction by certain dates. If Charter fails to meet these obligations, Charter could be subject to substantial government penalties.

The FCC has adopted rules for service providers to report broadband availability, pursuant to the Broadband Data Act. Providers are required to report their service areas twice each year. The service areas reported are subject to challenge. A broadband provider who provides inaccurate maps or fails to respond properly to challenges may be subject to enforcement action by the FCC. The FCC can also fine a provider for filing incorrect maps.

Mobile Service

Charter’s Spectrum Mobile service offers mobile Internet access and telephone service. Charter provides this service as a mobile virtual network operator (“MVNO”) using Verizon’s network and its network through Spectrum WiFi and CBRS. As an MVNO, Charter is subject to many of the same FCC regulations that apply to facilities-based wireless carriers, as well as certain state or local regulations, including (but not limited to): 911 emergency services (“E911”), local number portability, customer privacy, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”), Universal Service Fund (“USF”) contributions, robocall mitigation, hearing aid compatibility and safety and emission requirements for mobile devices. Spectrum Mobile’s broadband Internet access service is also subject to the FCC’s transparency rule and broadband labeling rules. The FCC or other regulatory authorities may adopt new or different regulations for MVNOs and/or mobile service providers in the future, or impose new taxes or fees applicable to Spectrum Mobile, which could adversely affect the service offering or Charter’s business generally. For example, California has proposed the imposition of service quality metrics on mobile services.

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Wireline Voice Service

The FCC has never classified the VoIP wireline telephone services that Charter offers as “telecommunications services” that are subject to traditional federal common carrier regulation, but instead has imposed some of these regulatory requirements on a case-by-case basis, such as requirements relating to E911, CALEA (the statute governing law enforcement access to and surveillance of communications), USF contributions, customer privacy and Customer Proprietary Network Information (“CPNI”) protections, number portability, network and/or 911 outage reporting (including outages that adversely affect 911 service), rural call completion, disability access, regulatory fees, robocall mitigation and discontinuance of service. It is possible that the FCC or Congress will impose additional federal requirements on VoIP telephone services in the future.

Charter’s VoIP telephone services are subject to certain state and local regulatory fees such as E911 fees and contributions to state universal service funds. Additionally, to comply with RDOF program requirements, Charter has chosen in the RDOF areas to offer Lifeline VoIP telephone services subject to traditional federal and state common carrier regulations. Charter also offers Lifeline VoIP telephone services in portions of its California and New York service areas. Except where Charter has chosen to offer VoIP telephone services in such a manner it believes that its VoIP telephone services should be governed primarily by federal regulation. The federal Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit affirmed Charter’s successful challenge to Minnesota’s attempt to generally apply telephone regulation to its VoIP services, but that ruling is limited to the seven states in that circuit. Some states have attempted to subject cable VoIP services, such as Charter’s VoIP telephone service, to state level regulation. California has imposed licensing, reporting and other obligations on Charter’s VoIP services, including backup power requirements and has proposed the imposition of service quality metrics on VoIP services. Charter has registered with or obtained certificates or authorizations from the FCC and the state regulatory authorities in those states in which Charter offers competitive voice services and/or VOIP in order to ensure the continuity of its services. However, it is unclear whether and how these and other ongoing regulatory matters ultimately will be resolved. State regulatory commissions and legislatures may continue to consider imposing regulatory requirements on Charter’s fixed wireline voice telephone services.

Privacy and Information Security Regulation

The Communications Act limits Charter’s ability to collect, use, and disclose customers’ personally identifiable information for its Internet, mobile, video and voice services. Charter is subject to additional federal, state, and local laws and regulations that impose additional restrictions on the collection, use and disclosure of consumer information. All broadband and VoIP providers are also obliged by CALEA to configure their networks in a manner that facilitates the ability of state and federal law enforcement, with proper legal process authorized under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, to wiretap and obtain records and information concerning its customers, including the content of their communications. Further, the FCC, Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), and many states regulate and restrict the marketing practices of communications service providers, including telemarketing and sending unsolicited commercial emails. The FTC currently has the authority, pursuant to its general authority to enforce against unfair or deceptive acts and practices, to protect the privacy of Internet service customers, including Charter’s use and disclosure of certain customer information.

Charter’s operations are also subject to federal and state laws governing information security. All states have data breach notification laws that would require us to inform individuals and regulators in the event of a breach that could impact personal information of its customers. In the event of an information security breach, such rules may require consumer and government agency notification and may result in regulatory enforcement actions with the potential of monetary forfeitures. The FCC, the FTC and state attorneys general regularly bring enforcement actions against companies related to information security breaches and privacy violations. The California Privacy Protection Agency adopted new cybersecurity regulations that will require Charter to conduct annual cybersecurity audits if the processing of Charter’s personal data “presents significant risk to consumers’ security.” The first deadline for compliance is January 1, 2027 and the first audit certification is due by April 1, 2028.

Various security standards provide guidance to telecommunications companies in order to help identify and mitigate cybersecurity risks. See Part I, Item 1C. “Cybersecurity” below for additional information on our management and oversight of cybersecurity. One such standard is the voluntary Cybersecurity Framework (“CSF”) released by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (“NIST”) in 2014 and updated in 2018 and 2024, in cooperation with other federal agencies and owners and operators of U.S. critical infrastructure. The NIST CSF provides a prioritized and flexible model for organizations to identify and manage cyber risks inherent to their business. It was designed to supplement, not supersede, existing cybersecurity regulations and requirements. Several government agencies have encouraged compliance with the NIST CSF, including the FCC and Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (“CISA”). Charter’s overall cybersecurity program is informed by the NIST and other industry standards and best practices. The FCC adopted rules expanding

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its cybersecurity guidelines and requirements. These rules have been challenged in federal court and Charter cannot predict the outcome of that appeal or whether the rules could be modified by the new Administration. CISA has sought comment on the development of cyber incident reporting rules, pursuant to 2022 legislative requirements, that require critical infrastructure entities to report substantial cyber incidents within 72 hours of their discovery. On June 13, 2025, the New York Public Service Commission issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Information Technology Cybersecurity Requirements pertaining to regulated entities, including telecommunications and cable service providers. Written comments on the proposed rule were due on September 15, 2025, and the proceeding is ongoing. These rules, if adopted, may increase costs or impose new restrictions on the operation of Charter’s business. The Department of Defense began the phased rollout of the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program, which amends the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement and introduces mandatory cybersecurity standards for defense contractors, on November 10, 2025.

Many states and local authorities have considered legislative or other actions that would impose restrictions on Charter’s ability to collect, use and disclose, and safeguard certain consumer information. Many states have enacted comprehensive consumer data privacy laws, and some states have enacted issue-specific privacy laws covering health information and children’s information. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) regulates companies’ collection, use and disclosure of the personal information of California residents and employees and authorizes enforcement actions by the California Attorney General and private class actions for data breaches. The Maine Act to Protect Privacy of Online Customer Information, which regulates how Internet service providers use and disclose customers’ personal information and requires Internet service providers to take reasonable measures to protect customers’ personal information, became effective on July 1, 2020. Data privacy laws subsequently have taken effect in Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Virginia. The California Privacy Protection Agency adopted new regulations governing the use of automated decision-making tools, defining cybersecurity audit requirements, and requiring risk assessments of certain types of processing activities. Colorado adopted amendments to its regulations under the Colorado Privacy Act, and New Jersey is in the process of finalizing regulations under the New Jersey Data Privacy Act. Colorado passed the Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act (“CAIA”) which will take effect on June 30, 2026. The CAIA governs the use of certain artificial intelligence (“AI”) systems. Each of these laws will regulate the way that companies collect, use, and share personal information about consumers. Other state legislatures are considering the adoption of new data security and cybersecurity legislation, and states with newly passed laws continue to consider amendments, that could result in additional network and information security requirements for Charter’s business. For example, Louisiana (effective July 1, 2026), Texas (effective January 1, 2026 but enjoined by the district court and appealed to the fifth circuit where it is currently pending), California (effective January 1, 2027) and Utah (effective May 7, 2025) passed laws establishing specific requirements for app developers and stores requiring age verification and parental consent for online apps.

The FTC adopted amendments to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”) rules earlier this year to reflect changes in technology that have occurred since the COPPA rules were last updated in 2013. The FTC has also warned companies not to misuse consumers’ biometric information, with a broad definition of biometrics similar to Washington’s My Health My Data Act and the CCPA that treat biometrics as sensitive consumer information, and Illinois and Texas have also adopted laws regulating the use of such information. Congress may also adopt new privacy and data security obligations that could supplement or preempt state privacy laws.

Finally, enforcement of state consumer privacy laws has increased with both the California attorney general and the California Privacy Protection Agency bringing actions against companies in multiple industry sectors for failure to comply with various aspects of the CCPA. The Texas attorney general has been active in enforcing the new Texas Data Privacy and Security Act and other states—including Connecticut, Arkansas, and Nebraska—have increased enforcement.

Charter cannot predict whether any of the above efforts will be successful, challenged, upheld, vacated, or preempted, or how new legislation and regulations, if any, would affect its business.

Seasonality and Cyclicality

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Charter is subject to seasonal and cyclical variations. Charter’s results are impacted by the seasonal nature of customers receiving its cable services in college and vacation service areas. Charter’s revenue is subject to cyclical advertising patterns and changes in viewership levels. Its advertising revenue is generally higher in the second and fourth calendar quarters of each year, due in part to increases in consumer advertising in the spring and in the period leading up to and including the holiday season. U.S. advertising revenue is also cyclical, benefiting in even-numbered years from advertising related to candidates running for

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political office and issue-oriented advertising. Charter’s capital expenditures and trade working capital are also subject to significant seasonality based on the timing of subscriber growth, network programs, specific projects and construction.

Competition

Residential Services

Charter faces intense competition for residential customers, both from existing competitors and, as a result of the rapid development of new technologies, services and products, from new entrants.

Internet Competition

Charter’s residential Internet service faces competition across its footprint from fiber-to-the-home (“FTTH”), fixed wireless broadband, Internet delivered via satellite and digital subscriber line (“DSL”) services. Several FTTH competitors deliver 1 Gbps broadband speed (and some deliver multi Gbps) in at least a portion of their footprints which overlap Charter’s footprint. AT&T Inc. (“AT&T”) and Verizon are Charter’s primary FTTH competitors. Charter faces terrestrial broadband Internet (defined by the FCC as at least 100 Mbps) competition from AT&T and Verizon in approximately 27% and 16% of its operating footprint, respectively. DSL service is also offered across Charter’s footprint, often at prices lower than Charter’s Internet services, although typically at speeds much lower than the minimum speeds offered as part of Charter’s Spectrum pricing and packaging. In addition, commercial areas, such as retail malls, restaurants and airports, offer WiFi Internet service. Numerous local governments are also considering or actively pursuing publicly subsidized WiFi Internet access networks. In addition, providers are constructing open access networks that can deliver services from multiple underlying Internet service providers. These options offer alternatives to cable-based Internet access. Several national mobile network operators offer long-term evolution (“LTE”) or 5G delivered cell phone home Internet service (fixed wireless access from cell phone towers) in Charter’s markets. In several markets, Charter also faces competition from one or more fixed wireless providers that deliver point-to-point Internet connectivity. Further acquisition of additional spectrum by its competitors as a result of secondary sales or auction of additional spectrum would intensify these competitive pressures.

Mobile Competition

Charter’s mobile service faces competition from national mobile network operators (“MNOs”) including AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile, as well as a variety of regional operators and mobile virtual network operators. Most carriers offer unlimited data packages to customers and combine free or highly discounted devices based on rate plans selected. The MNOs also offer wireless Internet services delivered over networks that they continue to enhance to deliver faster speeds. AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile continue to expand 5G mobile services, and consolidations in the telecom industry continue to increase competition as they seek to offer converged connectivity services similar to Charter’s. Charter also competes for retail activations with other resellers that buy bulk wholesale service from wireless service providers for resale.

Video Competition

Charter’s residential video service faces growing competition across its footprints from a number of other sources, including companies that deliver linear network programming, movies and television shows on demand and other video content over broadband Internet connections to televisions, computers, tablets and mobile devices. Increasingly, exclusive television content, including marquee content like live sporting events, is becoming available from sources other than traditional MVPDs. These competitors include virtual MVPDs such as YouTube TV, Hulu Plus Live TV, Sling TV, Philo and DirecTV Stream. Other online video business models and products have also developed, some offered by programmers including, (i) subscription video on demand (“SVOD”) services such as Netflix, Apple TV+, Amazon Prime and Hulu, (ii) programmer streaming applications such as HBO Max, ESPN Unlimited, Disney+, Peacock and Paramount+, (iii) ad-supported free online video products, including YouTube and Pluto TV, some of which offer programming for free to consumers that Charter currently purchases for a fee, (iv) pay-per-view products, such as iTunes, and (v) additional offerings from mobile providers which continue to integrate and bundle video services and mobile products. Historically, Charter has generally viewed SVOD online video services as complementary to its own video offering and, in the case of programmer streaming applications, Charter is packaging with the linear offerings. However, services from virtual MVPDs and programmer streaming applications, as well as piracy and password sharing, negatively impact the number of customers purchasing Charter’s video product.

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Charter’s residential video service also faces competition from direct broadcast satellite (“DBS”) service providers, which have a national footprint and compete in all of Charter’s operating areas. DBS providers offer satellite-delivered pre-packaged programming services that can be received by relatively small and inexpensive receiving dishes. DBS providers offer aggressive promotional pricing and video services that are comparable in many respects to Charter’s residential video service. Charter’s residential video service also faces competition from large telecommunications companies, primarily Verizon, which offer wireline video services in significant portions of Charter’s operating areas.

Voice Competition

Charter’s residential voice service competes with wireless and wireline phone providers across its footprints, as well as other forms of communication, such as text messaging on cellular phones, instant messaging, social networking services, video conferencing and email. Charter also competes with “over-the-top” phone providers, as well as companies that sell phone cards at a cost per minute for both national and international service. The increase in the number of different technologies capable of carrying voice services and the number of alternative communication options available to customers as well as the replacement of wireline services by wireless have intensified the competitive environment in which Charter operates its residential voice services.

Additional Competition

In some of Charter’s operating areas, other regional competitors have built networks that offer Internet, mobile, video and voice services that compete with its services.

Charter also competes with other sources of news, information and entertainment, including over-the-air television broadcast reception, live events, movie theaters and the Internet. Competition is also posed by fixed wireless and satellite master antenna television systems serving MDUs, such as condominiums, apartment complexes, and private residential communities.

Commercial Services

Charter faces intense competition across each of its business services product offerings. Charter’s small business Internet, mobile, video and voice services face competition from a variety of providers as described above. Charter’s mid-market & large business solutions face competition from the competitors described above as well as cloud-based application-service providers, managed service providers and other telecommunications carriers, such as metro and regional fiber-based carriers.

Advertising

Charter faces intense competition for advertising revenue across many different platforms and from a wide range of local and national competitors. Advertising competition has increased and will likely continue to increase as new advertising platforms seek to attract the same advertisers. Charter competes for advertising revenue against, among others, local broadcast stations, national cable and broadcast networks, direct-to-consumer ad-supported applications, connected device platforms, social media networks, online advertising companies and content providers, radio stations and print media.

Human Capital Resources

Employees

As described above, Liberty Broadband is party to a services agreement with Liberty, pursuant to which 74 Liberty corporate employees provide certain management services to Liberty Broadband for a determined fee. As a result, Liberty Broadband is not responsible for the hiring, retention and compensation of these individuals (except that Liberty Broadband has granted equity incentive awards to these individuals). However, Liberty Broadband directly benefits from the efforts undertaken by Liberty to attract and retain talented employees. Liberty strives to create a workplace with opportunities for its employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by competitive compensation, benefits and health and wellness programs, and by programs that build connections between its employees and their communities. Liberty Broadband fully supports these efforts.

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Available Information

All of our filings with the SEC including our Form 10-Ks, Form 10-Qs and Form 8-Ks, as well as amendments to such filings are available on our Internet website free of charge generally within 24 hours after we file such material with the SEC. Our website address is www.libertybroadband.com.

Our corporate governance guidelines, code of business conduct and ethics, compensation committee charter, nominating and corporate governance committee charter, and audit committee charter are available on our website. In addition, we will provide a copy of any of these documents, free of charge, to any shareholder who calls or submits a request in writing to Investor Relations, Liberty Broadband Corporation, 12300 Liberty Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado 80112, Tel. No. (844) 826-8735.

The information contained on our website and/or Charter’s website is not incorporated by reference herein.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The risks described below and elsewhere in this annual report are not the only ones that relate to our business or our capitalization. The risks described below are considered to be the most material. However, there may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that also could have material adverse effects on our business. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of the events described below were to occur, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Risk Factor Summary

The following is a summary of the material risk factors that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations:

Factors Relating to Our Corporate History and Structure

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Factors Related to Our and Our Subsidiaries’ Indebtedness

Factors Relating to Charter

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Factors Relating to our Common Stock and the Securities Market

Factors Relating to the Proposed Transactions

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Factors Relating to Our Corporate History and Structure

We are a holding company, and we could be unable to obtain cash in amounts sufficient to service our financial obligations or meet our other commitments.

Our ability to meet our current and future financial obligations, including to make debt service obligations under the Margin Loan Agreement and the 3.125% Debentures due 2053 (each as defined below), and other contractual commitments depends upon our ability to access cash. We are a holding company, and our sources of cash include our available cash balances, any dividends and interest we may receive from our investments, available funds under the Margin Loan Agreement (which had borrowing capacity of $1,150 million as of December 31, 2025 with approximately $800 million available to be drawn), cash generated from our participation in Charter’s stock repurchase program or cash loaned to us by Charter pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and proceeds from any asset sales or other forms of asset monetization we may undertake in the future (subject to certain restrictions in the Merger Agreement). No assurance can be given that these sources of liquidity will be sufficient to service our financial obligations and other commitments during the pendency of the proposed Transactions. See “Other than cash generated from our participation in Charter’s stock repurchase program or cash loaned to us by Charter, in each case, pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, we do not have access to the cash that Charter generates from its operating activities, and we are subject to Charter’s ability to provide such liquidity under the terms of the Merger Agreement” below.

Other than cash generated from our participation in Charter’s stock repurchase program or cash loaned to us by Charter, in each case, pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, we do not have access to the cash that Charter generates from its operating activities, and we are subject to Charter’s ability to provide such liquidity under the terms of the Merger Agreement.

Notwithstanding our ownership interest in Charter and our having three nominees on its thirteen-member board of directors, we have no ability to cause Charter to pay dividends to us, and we cannot cause Charter to make funds available to us except pursuant to the terms of the Stockholders Agreement and the Letter Agreement, each as amended by the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment.

During the pendency of the proposed Transactions, the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment modifies the terms set forth in the existing Letter Agreement with respect to our participation in Charter’s stock repurchase program. Pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, each month during the pendency of the proposed Transactions, Charter is intended to repurchase shares of Charter Class A common stock from us in an amount equal to the greater of (i) $100 million and (ii) an amount such that immediately after giving effect thereto, we would have sufficient cash to satisfy certain obligations as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and Merger Agreement, provided that if any repurchase would reduce our equity interest in Charter below 25.25% after giving effect to such repurchase or if all or a portion of such repurchase is not permissible, then Charter shall instead loan to us an amount equal to the lesser of (x) the repurchase amount that cannot be repurchased and (y) an agreed minimum liquidity threshold as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment less the repurchase amount that is repurchased, with such loan to occur on the terms set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, in each case, subject to certain conditions. From and after the date the 3.125% Debentures due 2053 are no longer outstanding, the amount of monthly repurchases would instead be the lesser of (i) $100 million and (ii) an amount equal to the sum of (x) an amount such that immediately after giving effect thereto, we would satisfy certain minimum liquidity requirements as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and (y) the aggregate principal amount outstanding under our Margin Loan Facility.

These proposed share repurchases and the alternative loan arrangements are intended to facilitate our repayment of certain of our outstanding indebtedness and to allow us to maintain sufficient liquidity to fund our ongoing operations during the pendency of the proposed Transactions. If Charter is unable to provide the appropriate liquidity under the repurchases and/or

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loans, as provided under the Merger Agreement, we may have insufficient liquidity (between cash on hand and available borrowing capacity under the Margin Loan Facility) to fund the repayment of our indebtedness or our ongoing operations. In such circumstances, we would need to monetize a portion or all of our shares of Charter Class A common stock, which under the Merger Agreement is prohibited and would require a waiver from Charter. Any failure by Charter to agree to such a waiver would have an adverse effect on our financial position and could impact the parties’ ability to complete the Combination.

Charter generated approximately $16.1 billion, $14.4 billion and $14.4 billion of cash from its operations during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Charter uses the cash it generates from its operations primarily to fund its business operations, service its debt and other financial obligations and repurchase shares of its common stock. We do not have access to the cash that Charter generates unless Charter declares a dividend on its capital stock payable in cash, engages in stock repurchases for cash, loans money to us, in each case, pursuant to the terms of the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment or otherwise distributes or makes payments to its stockholders, including us. Historically, Charter has not paid any dividends on its capital stock or, with limited exceptions, otherwise distributed cash to its stockholders and instead has used all of its available cash in the expansion of its business, to service its debt obligations and to repurchase shares of its common stock. Covenants in Charter’s existing debt instruments also restrict the payment of dividends and cash distributions to stockholders. We expect that Charter will continue to apply its available cash as described above.

We rely on Charter to provide us with the financial information that we use in accounting for our ownership interest in Charter as well as information regarding Charter that we include in our public filings.

We account for our approximately 32.8% economic ownership interest in Charter using the equity method of accounting and, accordingly, in our financial statements we record our share of Charter’s net income or loss. Within the meaning of U.S. accounting rules, we rely on Charter to provide us with financial information prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, which we use in the application of the equity method. We also rely on Charter to provide us with the information regarding their company that we include in our public filings. In addition, we cannot change the way in which Charter reports its financial results or require Charter to change its internal controls over financial reporting. No assurance can be given that Charter will provide us with the information necessary to enable us to complete our public filings on a timely basis or at all. Furthermore, any material misstatements or omissions in the information Charter provides to us or publicly files could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements and filing status under federal securities laws.

We may become subject to the Investment Company Act.

We do not believe we are currently subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act because our investment in Charter enables us to exercise significant influence over Charter. We have substantial involvement in the management and affairs of Charter, including through our board nominees. We nominated three of Charter’s thirteen current directors. In connection with the Time Warner Cable merger and acquisition of Bright House, on May 23, 2015, we entered into the Stockholders Agreement, which continues to provide us with board nomination rights. If, however, our investment in Charter was deemed to become passive (such as in the event that our equity ownership fell below the threshold allowing us to maintain such significant influence over Charter, whether by reason of significant dilution or due to the monetization of a portion or all of our Charter shares to fund the repayment of our indebtedness and/or our operations), we could become subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act. In such event, we would be required to register as an investment company, which could result in significant registration and compliance costs, could require changes to our corporate governance structure and financial reporting and could restrict our activities going forward. Our restated certificate of incorporation includes a provision that would enable us, at the option of our board of directors, to automatically convert each outstanding share of our Series B common stock into one share of our Series A common stock at such time as we have outstanding less than 20% of the total number of shares of our Series B common stock issued in our 2014 spin-off from Liberty. In addition, if we were to become inadvertently subject to the Investment Company Act and failed to register as an investment company in violation of the Investment Company Act, such violation could subject us to material adverse consequences, including potentially significant regulatory penalties and the possibility that our contracts would be deemed unenforceable.

Our company has overlapping directors and officers with Liberty, GCI Liberty and Liberty Live, which may lead to conflicting interests.

As a result of our spin-off from Liberty in 2014, the GCI Divestiture in July 2025, and Liberty’s split-off of Liberty Live in December 2025, certain of our executive officers and directors also serve as executive officers and directors of Liberty, GCI Liberty and/or Liberty Live. None of these companies has any ownership interest in any of the others. Our executive officers and

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members of our company’s board of directors have fiduciary duties to our stockholders. Likewise, any such persons who serve in similar capacities at Liberty, GCI Liberty, Liberty Live or any other public company have fiduciary duties to that company’s stockholders. For example, there may be the potential for a conflict of interest when our company, Liberty, GCI Liberty or Liberty Live pursues acquisitions and other business opportunities that may be suitable for each of them. Therefore, such persons may have conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting more than one of the companies to which they owe fiduciary duties. Each of our company, GCI Liberty and Liberty Live has renounced its rights to certain business opportunities and our and their respective restated certificate of incorporation provides that no director or officer of the respective company will breach their fiduciary duty and therefore be liable to the respective company or its stockholders by reason of the fact that any such individual directs a corporate opportunity to another person or entity (including Liberty, GCI Liberty and Liberty Live) instead of the respective company, or does not refer or communicate information regarding such corporate opportunity to our company, unless (x) such opportunity was expressly offered to such person solely in his or her capacity as a director or officer of the respective company or as a director or officer of any of the respective company’s subsidiaries, and (y) such opportunity relates to a line of business in which the respective company or any of its subsidiaries is then directly engaged. In addition, any potential conflict that qualifies as a “related party transaction” (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K) is subject to review by an independent committee of the applicable issuer’s board of directors in accordance with its corporate governance guidelines. Any other potential conflicts that arise will be addressed on a case-by-case basis, keeping in mind the applicable fiduciary duties owed by the executive officers and directors of each issuer. From time to time, we may enter into transactions with Liberty, GCI Liberty, Liberty Live, and/or their respective subsidiaries or other affiliates. There can be no assurance that the terms of any such transactions will be as favorable to our company, Liberty, GCI Liberty, Liberty Live, or any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates as would be the case where there is no overlapping officer or director.

Certain of our inter-company agreements were negotiated while we were a subsidiary of Liberty.

We entered into a number of inter-company agreements covering matters such as tax sharing and our responsibility for certain liabilities previously undertaken by Liberty for certain of our businesses. In addition, we entered into a services agreement with Liberty pursuant to which it provides to us certain management, administrative, financial, treasury, accounting, tax, legal and other services, for which we reimburse them on a fixed fee basis. The terms of all of these agreements (other than the amendment to the services agreement) were established while we were a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty, and hence may not be the result of arms’ length negotiations. In addition, in connection with a prior transaction, prior GCI Liberty and QVC Group entered into a tax sharing agreement and indemnification agreement which were assumed by us. We believe that the terms of these inter-company agreements are commercially reasonable and fair to all parties under the circumstances; however, conflicts could arise in the interpretation or any extension or renegotiation of the foregoing agreements.

Our ability to use net operating loss and disallowed business interest carryforwards to reduce future tax payments could be negatively impacted if there is an “ownership change” as defined under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), of our company.

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At December 31, 2025, we had deferred tax assets attributable to federal and state net operating losses and disallowed business interest carryforwards of $19 million and under the Code, we may carry forward our federal net operating losses and disallowed business interest deductions in certain circumstances to offset current and future taxable income and reduce our federal income tax liability, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. If we experience an “ownership change,” as defined in Section 382 of the Code and related Treasury regulations (generally, a cumulative change in ownership that exceeds 50% of the value of a corporation's stock over a rolling three-year period) at a time when our market capitalization is below a certain level or proposed Treasury regulations under Section 382 of the Code issued during 2019 have become final and are applicable (taking into account the delayed effective date of such regulations), our ability to use our federal net operating loss and disallowed business interest carryforwards could be substantially limited. This limit could impact the timing of the usage of our net operating loss and disallowed business interest carryforwards, thus accelerating federal cash tax payments or causing certain federal net operating loss carryforwards to expire prior to their use, which could affect the ultimate realization of that deferred tax asset. Similar limitations may also apply at the state level.

Cyberattacks or other network disruptions could have an adverse effect on our company.

Our company’s operations depend upon the transmission of information over the Internet. Unauthorized parties attempt to gain access to our company’s and its vendors’ information systems by, among other things, hacking into its systems or those

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of third parties, through fraud or other means of deceiving our company’s employees or its vendors, burglaries, errors by our company or its vendors’ employees, misappropriation of data by employees, or other irregularities that may result in persons obtaining unauthorized access to its data. The techniques used to gain such access to our company’s or its vendors’ information systems, data or customer information, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving and continue to become more sophisticated and targeted, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized until launched against a target. Further, the use of AI and machine learning by cybercriminals may increase the frequency and severity of cybersecurity attacks against us or our suppliers, vendors and other service providers.

Cyberattacks against our company’s vendors’ technological infrastructure or breaches of information systems may cause equipment failures, disruption of its or their operations, and potentially unauthorized access to confidential customer or employee data, which could subject our company to increased costs and other liabilities as discussed further below. Cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity threats, which include the use of malware, computer viruses, and other means for service disruption or unauthorized access to confidential customer or employee data, have increased in frequency, scope, and potential harm for businesses in recent years. It is possible for such cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity threats to go undetected for an extended period of time, increasing the potential harm to our company’s respective, employees, assets, and reputation. For example, third-party service providers, such as telecommunications and cloud services providers, have been subject to increasing cyberattacks from state-sponsored threat actors that could materially impact our information systems and operations.

To date, our company has not been subject to cybersecurity incidents or disruptions of information systems that, individually or in the aggregate, have been material to our operations or financial condition. Although our company has not detected such a material security breach or cybersecurity incident to date, our company has been the target of events of this nature and expect to be subject to similar attacks in the future. Our company engages in a variety of preventive measures at an increased cost intended to reduce the risk of cyberattacks and safeguard our information systems and confidential customer information, but as with all companies, these measures may not be sufficient for all eventualities, and there is no guarantee that they will be adequate to safeguard against all cybersecurity incidents, system compromises, or misuses of data. Such measures include, but are not limited to, the following practices: application whitelisting, anti-malware, message and spam filtering, encryption, advanced firewalls, threat monitoring and detection, access controls, penetration testing, third party risk management and URL filtering. Despite these preventive and detective actions, our efforts may be insufficient to repel a cybersecurity incident, detect all cybersecurity threats, or prevent disruption of information systems in the future and prevent the risks described above.

The costs imposed on our company as a result of a cybersecurity incident or disruption of information systems could be significant. Among others, such costs could include increased expenditures on cybersecurity measures, litigation, regulatory actions, fines, sanctions, lost revenue from business interruption, and damage to our reputation. As a result, a cybersecurity incident could have a material adverse effect on our company’s business, financial condition, and operating results. Our company also faces similar risks associated with security breaches and other cybersecurity incidents affecting third parties with which we affiliate or otherwise conduct business.

Factors Related to Our and Our Subsidiaries’ Indebtedness

The following risks relate to our and our subsidiaries’ indebtedness. However, while the Transactions are pending, we are currently subject to certain contractual restrictions and therefore may not be able to take some or all of the actions described below. See “—Factors Relating to the Proposed Transactions–We are subject to contractual restrictions while the Transactions are pending, which could adversely affect our business.”

Our company may have future capital needs and may not be able to obtain additional financing, or refinance or renew our existing indebtedness, on acceptable terms. Further, our and our subsidiaries’ ability to service our respective debt and any other obligations will require access to funds, which may be restricted.

As of December 31, 2025, we and our subsidiaries had approximately $1.8 billion principal amount of debt outstanding, consisting of (i) $790 million outstanding under a credit agreement (as amended, the “Margin Loan Agreement”) governing a multi-draw margin loan agreement credit facility entered into in 2017 by a bankruptcy remote wholly owned subsidiary (“SPV”) of Liberty Broadband; and (ii) $965 million outstanding under our 3.125% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2053 (the “3.125% Debentures due 2053”). We also had, at December 31, 2025, borrowing capacity of $1,150 million with approximately $800 million available to be drawn, subject to certain terms and conditions, until five business days prior to June 30, 2027 under the Margin Loan Agreement.

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Our and our subsidiaries’ ability to service our respective financial obligations will depend on our and their ability to access cash. The obligations under the Margin Loan Agreement are secured by a portion of our ownership interest in Charter. Such equity interests are held through SPV. The terms of the Margin Loan Agreement limit our company’s ability to secure additional financing with our ownership interest in Charter on favorable terms. Our other potential sources of cash include available cash balances, dividends and interest from our investments, monetization of public investments, and proceeds from asset sales. Further, the Merger Agreement provides that, following the satisfaction of certain conditions, we must redeem the 3.125% Debentures due 2053 if requested by Charter. Such redemption may be funded by incurring additional indebtedness permitted under the Merger Agreement, including possible loans from Charter. See “Other than cash generated from our participation in Charter’s stock repurchase program or cash loaned to us by Charter, in each case, pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, we do not have access to the cash that Charter generates from its operating activities, and we are subject to Charter’s ability to provide such liquidity under the terms of the Merger Agreement” above.

Moreover, our and our subsidiaries’ ability to secure additional financing will depend upon the value of our investment in Charter, prevailing general economic and credit market conditions, including interest rate levels and the availability of credit generally, and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that sufficient financing will be available, or that we will be able to renew or refinance existing indebtedness, on desirable terms or at all. In particular, during 2025, uncertainty surrounding global growth rates, inflation and interest rates continued to produce volatility in the credit and equity markets. As of December 31, 2025, the markets remain volatile and the economic outlook remains uncertain. If financing is not available when needed or is not available on favorable terms, we and our subsidiaries may be unable to take advantage of business or market opportunities as they arise, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We and our subsidiaries have significant indebtedness, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

As discussed above, as of December 31, 2025, we and our subsidiaries had approximately $1.8 billion principal amount of debt outstanding. As a result of this significant indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries may:

In addition, it is possible that we may need to incur additional indebtedness in the future. For example, the Merger Agreement provides that, following the satisfaction of certain conditions, we must redeem the 3.125% Debentures due 2053 if requested by Charter. Such redemption may be funded by incurring additional indebtedness permitted under the Merger Agreement, including possible loans from Charter. As of December 31, 2025, we had $1,150 million of borrowing capacity with approximately $800 million available to be drawn, subject to certain terms and conditions, until five business days prior to June 30, 2027 under the Margin Loan Agreement. If new debt is added to the current debt levels, the risks described above could intensify. For additional limitations on our company’s ability to potentially service our direct debt obligations, see “We are a holding company, and we could be unable to obtain cash in amounts sufficient to service our financial obligations or meet our other commitments” and “Other than cash generated from our participation in Charter’s stock repurchase program or cash loaned to us by Charter, in each case, pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, we do not have access to the cash that Charter generates from its operating activities, and we are subject to Charter’s ability to provide such liquidity under the terms of the Merger Agreement” above.

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The agreements that govern our and our subsidiaries’ current and future indebtedness may contain various affirmative and restrictive covenants that will limit our discretion in the operation of our business.

As discussed above, SPV entered into the Margin Loan Agreement pursuant to which SPV had outstanding borrowings of $790 million, with $1,150 million borrowing capacity with approximately $800 million available to be drawn, subject to certain terms and conditions, until five business days prior to June 30, 2027, at December 31, 2025. The Margin Loan Agreement contains various covenants, including those that limit our ability to, among other things, incur indebtedness either directly, through another of our subsidiaries, or by having SPV enter into financing arrangements with respect to the stock of Charter, and cause SPV to enter into unrelated businesses or otherwise conduct business other than owning common stock of Charter and other assets as permitted under the Margin Loan Agreement documents.

Subject to the restrictions set forth in the Merger Agreement, we may also enter into certain other indebtedness arrangements in the future. The instruments governing such future indebtedness may contain covenants that, among other things, place certain limitations on a borrower’s ability to incur more debt, exceed specified leverage ratios, pay dividends, make distributions, make investments, repurchase stock, create liens, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge or consolidate, and transfer or sell assets. Any failure to comply with such covenants could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

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The various covenants in future indebtedness may restrict our and our subsidiaries’ ability to expand or to pursue business strategies. Our and our subsidiaries’ ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our and their control, such as prevailing economic conditions and changes in regulations, and if such events occur, we cannot be sure that we and our subsidiaries will be able to comply. A breach of these covenants could result in a default under the indenture governing the 3.125% Debentures due 2053. If there were an event of default under the Margin Loan Agreement and/or such indenture, holders of such defaulted debt could cause all amounts borrowed under these instruments to be due and payable immediately. Additionally, if we or our subsidiaries fail to repay the debt under any secured indebtedness when it becomes due, the lenders under such indebtedness could proceed against the assets that are pledged to them as security. Our and our subsidiaries’ assets or cash flow may not be sufficient to repay borrowings under outstanding debt instruments in the event of a default thereunder.

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Variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

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Borrowings under the Margin Loan Agreement are at variable rates of interest and exposes us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on any variable rate indebtedness could increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and net income and cash flow could decrease.

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Subject to the restrictions set forth in the Merger Agreement, in order to manage our exposure to interest rate risk, in the future, we may enter into derivative financial instruments, typically interest rate swaps and caps, involving the exchange of floating for fixed rate interest payments. If we are unable to enter into interest rate swaps, it may adversely affect our cash flow and may impact our ability to make required principal and interest payments on our indebtedness and, even if we use these instruments to selectively manage risks, there can be no assurance that we will be fully protected against material interest rate fluctuations.

Factors Relating to Charter

The following risks relate specifically to our equity affiliate, Charter. If any of these risks were realized, they could have a material adverse effect on the value of our equity interest in Charter, which could negatively impact our stock price and our financial prospects.

Charter operates in a very competitive business environment, which affects its ability to attract and retain customers and can adversely affect its business, operations and financial results.

The industry in which Charter operates is highly competitive and has become more so in recent years. In some instances, Charter competes against companies with fewer regulatory burdens, better access to financing and greater and more favorable brand name recognition. Increasing consolidation in the telecommunications and content industries have provided additional

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benefits to certain of Charter’s competitors, either through access to financing, resources, or efficiencies of scale including the ability to launch new products and services.

Charter’s Internet service faces competition from other companies’ FTTH, cell phone home Internet service, Internet delivered via satellite and DSL services. Various operators offer wireless Internet services delivered over networks which they continue to enhance to deliver faster speeds and also continue to expand 5G mobile services as they seek to offer converged connectivity services similar to Charter. Charter’s mobile and voice services compete with wireless and wireline phone providers, as well as other forms of communication, such as text, instant messaging, social networking services, video conferencing and email. Competition from these companies, including intensive marketing efforts with aggressive pricing, may have an adverse impact on Charter’s ability to attract and retain customers.

Charter’s video service faces competition from a number of sources, including DBS services, and companies that deliver linear network programming, movies and television shows on demand and other video content over broadband Internet connections to televisions, computers, tablets and mobile devices often with password sharing among multiple users and security that makes content susceptible to piracy. Newer products and services, particularly alternative methods for the distribution, sale and viewing of content may continue to be developed, further increasing the competition that Charter faces.

The increasing number of choices available to audiences, including low-cost or free choices, could negatively impact not only consumer demand for Charter’s products and services, but also advertisers’ willingness to purchase advertising from Charter. Charter competes for the sale of advertising revenue with television networks and stations, as well as other advertising platforms, such as online media, radio and print. Competition related to Charter’s service offerings to businesses continues to increase as well, as more companies deploy more fiber to more buildings, which may negatively impact Charter’s growth and put pressure on margins.

A failure to effectively anticipate or adapt to new technologies (including those that use AI) and changes in customer expectations and behavior could significantly adversely affect its competitive position with respect to the leisure time and discretionary spending of its customers and, as a result, affect its business and results of operations. Competition may also reduce its expected growth of future cash flows which may contribute to future impairments of Charter’s franchises and goodwill and Charter’s ability to meet cash flow requirements, including debt service requirements.

Various events could disrupt or result in unauthorized access to Charter’s networks, information systems or properties and could impair its operating activities and negatively impact Charter’s reputation and financial results.

Network and information systems technologies are critical to Charter’s operating activities, both for its internal uses, such as network management, and supplying services to Charter’s customers, including customer service operations and programming delivery. Network or information system shutdowns or other service disruptions caused by events such as computer hacking, phishing, dissemination of computer viruses, worms and other destructive or disruptive software, malicious cyber activities by nation-state threat actors, “cyberattacks” such as ransomware, process breakdowns, denial of service attacks and other malicious activity pose increasing risks. Both unsuccessful and successful “cyberattacks” on companies have continued to increase in frequency, scope and potential harm in recent years, and the increasing use of AI may intensify these cybersecurity risks. While Charter develops and maintains systems seeking to prevent systems-related events and security breaches from occurring, the development and maintenance of these systems is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as techniques used in such attacks become more sophisticated and change frequently. Charter, and the third parties on which Charter relies, may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures. While from time to time attempts have been made to access Charter’s network, these events have not as yet resulted in any material release of information, degradation or disruption to its network and information systems.

Charter’s network and information systems are also vulnerable to damage or interruption from power outages, telecommunications failures, accidents, natural disasters (including extreme weather arising from short-term or long-term changes in weather patterns), terrorist attacks and similar events. Charter’s system redundancy may be ineffective or inadequate, and Charter’s disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities.

Charter has experienced many of these events and may experience additional events in the future. Any of these events, if directed at, or experienced by, Charter or technologies upon which Charter depends, have had and could in the future have adverse consequences on Charter’s network, customers and business, including degradation of service, service disruption, excessive call volume to call centers, and damage to Charter’s or its customers' equipment and data. Large expenditures and

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substantial resources have been and may in the future be necessary to repair or replace damaged property, networks or information systems or to protect them from similar events in the future. Moreover, the amount and scope of insurance that Charter maintains against losses resulting from any such events or security breaches has not always been and may not in the future be sufficient to cover Charter’s losses or otherwise adequately compensate Charter for any disruptions to its business that have resulted and may result. Any such significant service disruption could result in damage to Charter’s reputation and credibility, customer dissatisfaction and ultimately a loss of customers or revenue. Any significant loss of customers or revenue, or significant increase in costs of serving those customers, could adversely affect Charter’s growth, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, Charter’s operating activities could be subject to risks caused by misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or accidental release or loss of information maintained in its information technology systems and networks and those of its third-party vendors, including customer, personnel and vendor data. Charter provides certain confidential, proprietary and personal information to third parties in connection with its business, and there is a risk that this information may be compromised.

Charter processes, stores and transmits large amounts of data, including the personal information of its customers. Ongoing increases in the potential for misuse of personal information, the public’s awareness of the importance of safeguarding personal information, and the volume of legislation that has been adopted or is being considered regarding the protection, privacy, and security of personal information have resulted in increases to Charter’s information-related risks. Charter could be exposed to significant costs if such risks were to materialize, and such events could damage Charter’s reputation, credibility and business and have a negative impact on its revenue. Charter could be subject to regulatory actions and claims made by consumers in private litigations involving privacy issues related to consumer data collection and use practices. Charter also could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to remedy any security breach.

Charter depends on third-party service providers, suppliers and licensors; thus, if it is unable to procure the necessary services, equipment, software or licenses on reasonable terms and on a timely basis, its ability to offer services could be impaired, and Charter’s growth, operations, business, financial results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Charter depends on a limited number of third-party service providers, suppliers and licensors to supply some of the services, hardware, software and operational support necessary to provide some of its services and execute its network evolution and rural construction initiatives. Some of Charter’s hardware, software and operational support vendors and service providers represent its sole source of supply or have, either through contract or as a result of intellectual property rights, a position of some exclusivity. Charter’s ability to provide some services and complete its network evolution and rural construction initiatives might be materially adversely affected, or the need to procure or develop alternative sources of the affected materials or services might interrupt or delay its ability to serve existing and new customers, if any of these parties experience or engage in the following:

In addition, the existence of only a limited number of vendors of key technologies can lead to less product innovation and higher costs. Any of these events could materially and adversely affect Charter’s ability to retain and attract customers and its operations, business, financial results and financial condition.

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Any failure to respond to technological developments and meet customer demand for new products and services could adversely affect its ability to compete effectively.

Charter operates in a highly competitive, consumer-driven and rapidly changing environment. From time to time, Charter may pursue strategic initiatives to launch products or enhancements to its products. Charter’s success is, to a large extent, dependent on its ability to acquire, develop, adopt, upgrade and exploit new and existing technologies to address consumers’ changing demands and distinguish its services from those of its competitors. Charter may not be able to accurately predict technological trends or the success of new products and services. If Charter chooses technologies or equipment that are less effective, cost-efficient or attractive to customers than those chosen by its competitors, if technologies or equipment on which Charter has chosen to rely cease to be available to it on reasonable terms or conditions, if Charter offers services that fail to appeal to consumers, are not available at competitive prices or that do not function as expected, if Charter is not able to fund the expenditures necessary to keep pace with technological developments, or if Charter is no longer able to make its services available to its customers on a third-party device on which a substantial number of customers have relied to access its services, its competitive position could deteriorate, and its business and financial results could suffer.

The ability of some of Charter’s competitors to introduce new technologies, products and services more quickly than Charter may adversely affect its competitive position. Furthermore, advances in technology, decreases in the cost of existing technologies or changes in competitors’ product and service offerings may require Charter in the future to make additional research and development expenditures or to offer, at no additional charge or at a lower price, certain products and services that Charter currently offers to customers separately or at a premium. In addition, the uncertainty of Charter’s ability, and the costs, to obtain intellectual property rights from third parties could impact its ability to respond to technological advances in a timely and effective manner.

Any failure to maintain and expand its upgraded systems and provide advanced services in a timely manner, or to anticipate the demands of the marketplace, could materially adversely affect Charter’s ability to attract and retain customers. In addition, as Charter continues to grow its mobile services using virtual network operator rights from a third party, Charter expects continued growth-related sales and marketing and other customer acquisition costs. Charter also continues to consider and pursue opportunities in the mobile space which may include the acquisition of additional licensed spectrum and may include entering into or expanding joint ventures or partnerships with wireless or cable providers which may require significant investment. For example, Charter now holds CBRS PALs to support existing and future mobile services. These licenses are subject to revocation and expiration. Although Charter expects to be able to maintain and renew these licenses, the loss of one or more licenses could significantly impair its ability to offload mobile traffic and achieve cost reductions. If Charter is unable to continue to grow its mobile business and achieve the outcomes it expects from its investments in the mobile business, Charter’s growth, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Charter’s business may be adversely affected if Charter cannot continue to license or enforce the intellectual property rights on which its business depends.

Charter relies on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and licenses and other agreements with its employees, customers, suppliers and other parties to establish and maintain Charter’s intellectual property rights in technology and the products and services used in its operations. Also, because of the rapid pace of technological change, Charter both develops its own technologies, products and services and relies on technologies developed or licensed by third parties. However, any of Charter’s intellectual property rights, or the rights of its suppliers, could be challenged or invalidated, or such intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to permit Charter to take advantage of current industry trends or otherwise to provide competitive advantages, which could result in costly redesign efforts, discontinuance of certain product or service offerings or other competitive harm. Charter may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses from these third parties on reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, claims of intellectual property infringement could require Charter to enter into royalty or licensing agreements on unfavorable terms, incur substantial monetary liability or be enjoined preliminarily or permanently from further use of the intellectual property in question, which could require Charter to change its business practices or offerings and limit its ability to compete effectively. Even unsuccessful claims can be time-consuming and costly to defend and may divert management’s attention and resources away from Charter’s business. Infringement claims continue to be brought frequently in the communications and entertainment industries, and Charter is also often a party to such litigation alleging that certain of its services or technologies infringe the intellectual property rights of others.

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Charter may not have the ability to pass on to its customers all of the increases in programming costs, which could adversely affect its cash flow and operating margins.

Programming costs are one of Charter’s largest expense items. While decreases in video customers combined with a change in the mix of customers choosing lower cost packages have offset total programming cost increases, Charter expects contractual programming rates per service subscriber to continue to increase in excess of customary inflationary and cost-of-living type increases as a result of annual increases pursuant to its programming contracts and contract renewals with programmers. Although Charter passes along amounts paid for local broadcast station retransmission consent to the majority of its video customers, the inability to fully pass programming cost increases on to video customers has had, and is expected in the future to have, an adverse impact on Charter’s cash flow and operating margins associated with the video product. In order to mitigate impacts to operating margins due to increasing programming rates, Charter continues to review its pricing and programming packaging strategies. Further, some programmers have begun to simulcast and/or move popular programming to programmer streaming applications which has created a competitive alternative to video subscription at lower price points that could, in turn, result in customer losses. Charter has obtained and will continue to seek to obtain access to many of these programmer streaming applications, where applicable, as it renews agreements, so that Charter may continue to include these in its customers’ video subscriptions and/or sell to broadband customers for a share of revenue.

Increases in the cost of sports programming and the amounts paid for local broadcast station retransmission consent have been the largest contributors to the growth in Charter’s programming costs over the last several years. Federal law allows commercial television broadcast stations to make an election between “must-carry” rights and an alternative “retransmission-consent” regime. When a station opts for the retransmission consent regime, Charter is not allowed to carry the station’s signal without that station’s permission. In retransmission-consent negotiations, broadcasters often condition consent with respect to one station on carriage of one or more other stations or programming services in which they or their affiliates have an interest. Carriage of these other services, as well as increased fees for retransmission rights, may increase programming expenses, which could have an adverse effect on Charter’s business and financial results.

Charter’s programming contracts are generally for a fixed period of time, with potentially significant spend subject to negotiated renewal in any particular year. Charter will seek to renew these agreements on terms that it believes are favorable. There can be no assurance that these agreements will be renewed on favorable or comparable terms. To the extent that Charter is unable to reach agreement with certain programmers on terms that it believes are reasonable, Charter has been, and may in the future be, forced to remove such programming channels from its line-up, which may result in a loss of customers. Any failure to carry programming that is attractive to Charter’s customers could adversely impact Charter’s customer levels, operations and financial results.

Issues related to the development and use of AI could give rise to legal or regulatory action, damage Charter’s reputation or otherwise materially harm its business.

Charter currently incorporates AI technology in certain parts of its business operations. Charter’s research and development of such technology remains ongoing. AI presents risks, challenges and unintended consequences that could affect Charter and Charter’s customers’ adoption and use of this technology. AI algorithms and training methodologies may be flawed. Additionally, AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving. While Charter aims to develop and use AI responsibly and attempt to identify and mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, Charter may be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise. AI-related issues, deficiencies or failures could give rise to legal or regulatory action, including with respect to proposed legislation regulating AI or as a result of new applications of existing data protection, privacy, intellectual property and other laws, and could damage Charter’s reputation or otherwise materially harm its business.

Charter’s exposure to the economic conditions of its current and potential customers, vendors and third parties could adversely affect its cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.

Charter is exposed to risks associated with the economic conditions of its current and potential customers, the potential financial instability of its customers and their financial ability to purchase its products. If there were a prolonged general economic downturn, Charter may experience increased cancellations or non-payment by its customers or unfavorable changes in the mix of products purchased. This may include an increase in the number of homes that replace their video service with Internet-delivered or over-air content, as well as an increase in the number of Internet and voice customers substituting mobile data and voice products for wireline services which would negatively impact Charter’s ability to attract customers, increase rates and maintain or increase revenue. In addition, Charter’s ability to gain new customers is dependent to some extent on growth in

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occupied housing in its service areas, which is influenced by both national and local economic conditions. Weak economic conditions may also have a negative impact on Charter’s advertising revenue. These events have adversely affected Charter in the past, and may adversely affect its cash flow, results of operations and financial condition in a future downturn.

In addition, Charter is susceptible to risks associated with the potential financial instability of the vendors and third parties on which Charter relies to provide products and services or to which it outsources certain functions. The same economic conditions that may affect Charter’s customers, as well as volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets, also could adversely affect vendors and third parties and lead to significant increases in prices, reduction in output or the bankruptcy of Charter’s vendors or third parties upon which Charter relies. Further, inflationary pressures may impact the ability of vendors and other third parties to satisfy their obligations to Charter. Any interruption in the services provided by Charter’s vendors or by third parties could adversely affect Charter’s cash flow, results of operation and financial condition.

If Charter is unable to retain key employees, its ability to manage its business could be adversely affected.

Charter’s operational results have depended, and its future results will depend, upon the retention and continued performance of its management team. Charter’s ability to hire and retain key employees for management positions could be impacted adversely by the competitive environment for management talent in the broadband communications and technology industries. The loss of the services of key members of management and the inability to hire or delay in hiring new key employees could adversely affect Charter’s ability to manage its business and its future operational and financial results.

Charter has a significant amount of debt and expects to incur significant additional debt, including secured debt, in the future, as well as additional debt in connection with the Cox Transactions and the Combination, which could adversely affect its financial condition and its ability to react to changes in its business.

Charter has a significant amount of debt, with total principal amount of approximately $94.6 billion and a leverage ratio of 4.15 times Adjusted EBITDA as of December 31, 2025. Charter expects to (subject to applicable restrictions in its debt instruments) incur additional debt in the future as Charter plans to maintain leverage near the midpoint of its stated 4.0 to 4.5 times Adjusted EBITDA target leverage range (net debt divided by the last twelve months Adjusted EBITDA) in the period leading up to the closing of the Cox Transactions. As part of the Cox Transactions, Charter will fund the $4.0 billion of cash consideration using debt and will assume Cox Communications’ approximately $12.6 billion of net debt and finance leases. Charter plans to adjust its long-term target leverage range after the closing of the Cox Transactions to 3.5 to 3.75 times Adjusted EBITDA but will still have a significant amount of debt.

Charter’s significant amount of debt could have adverse consequences, such as:

In addition, Charter expects to incur additional indebtedness in the future, including to refinance and/or in connection with the assumption of indebtedness of Cox Communications and/or its subsidiaries after the completion of the Cox Transactions as well as Liberty Broadband and/or its subsidiaries after the completion of the Combination. To the extent Charter’s current debt amounts increase more than expected, Charter’s operating results are lower than expected, or credit rating agencies downgrade its debt thereby increasing Charter’s costs of borrowing and potentially limiting its access to investment grade markets, or significant market disruptions occur, the related risks that Charter now faces will intensify.

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The agreements and instruments governing Charter’s debt contain restrictions and limitations that could significantly affect its ability to operate its business, as well as significantly affect its liquidity.

The indentures governing the CCO Holdings, LLC (“CCO Holdings”) notes contain a number of significant covenants that could adversely affect Charter’s operations, liquidity and results of operations. These covenants restrict, among other things, CCO Holdings, CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and all of their restricted subsidiaries’ ability to:

Additionally, the Charter Communications Operating, LLC (“Charter Operating”) credit facilities require Charter Operating to comply with a maximum total leverage covenant and a maximum first lien leverage covenant. The Charter Operating credit facilities, the Charter Operating notes, the Time Warner Cable, LLC senior notes and debentures, and the Time Warner Cable Enterprises, LLC debentures include customary negative covenants, including restrictions on the ability to incur liens securing indebtedness for borrowed money and consolidating, merging or conveying or transferring substantially all of the respective obligor’s assets. The breach of any covenants or obligations in Charter’s indentures or credit facilities, not otherwise waived or amended, could result in a default under the applicable debt obligations and could trigger acceleration of those obligations, which in turn could trigger cross defaults under other agreements governing Charter’s long-term indebtedness. In addition, the secured lenders under Charter’s secured notes and the Charter Operating credit facilities could foreclose on their collateral, which includes equity interests in substantially all of Charter’s subsidiaries, and exercise other rights of secured creditors.

Charter’s business is subject to extensive governmental legislation and regulation, which could adversely affect its business.

The services Charter offers are subject to numerous laws and regulations that can increase operational and administrative expenses and reduce revenue, including, but not limited to, those covering the following:

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Legislators and regulators at all levels of government frequently consider changing, and sometimes do change, existing statutes, rules, regulations, or interpretations thereof, or prescribe new ones. Any future legislative, judicial, regulatory or administrative actions may increase Charter’s costs or impose additional restrictions on Charter’s businesses.

Changes to the existing legal and regulatory framework under which Charter operates or the regulatory programs in which Charter or its competitors participate could adversely affect Charter’s business.

There are ongoing efforts to amend or expand the federal, state and local regulation of some of the services offered over Charter’s cable systems, particularly its retail broadband Internet access service. Potential legislative and regulatory changes could adversely impact its business by increasing costs and competition and limiting Charter’s ability to offer services in a manner that would maximize its revenue potential. These changes have in the past, and could in the future, include, but are not limited to, for example, the reclassification of Internet services as regulated telecommunications services or other utility-style regulation of Internet services; restrictions on how Charter manages its Internet access services and networks; the adoption of new customer service or service quality requirements for its Internet access services; the adoption of new privacy restrictions on its collection, use and disclosure of certain customer or employee information; new data security and cybersecurity mandates that could result in additional network and information security and cyber incident-reporting requirements for Charter’s business; new restraints on Charter’s discretion over programming decisions; new rules governing broadcast ownership that would result in higher rates for broadcast content; new restrictions on the rates Charter charges to consumers for one or more of the services or equipment options it offers, including Charter’s ability to offer promotions; changes to the cable industry’s compulsory copyright to retransmit broadcast signals; new requirements to assure the availability of navigation devices from third-party providers; new USF contribution obligations on Charter’s Internet service revenue that would add to the cost of that service; increases in government-administered broadband subsidies to rural areas that could result in subsidized overbuilding of its facilities; changes to the FCC’s administration of spectrum; and changes in the regulatory framework for VoIP telephone service, including the scope of regulatory obligations associated with Charter’s VoIP telephone service and its ability to interconnect its VoIP telephone service with incumbent providers of traditional telecommunications service.

As a winning bidder in the FCC’s RDOF auction in 2020, Charter must comply with numerous FCC and state requirements to continue receiving such funding. To comply with these requirements, in RDOF areas, Charter has chosen to offer certain of its VoIP telephone services, such as its Lifeline services, subject to certain traditional federal and state common carrier regulations. Additionally, in some areas where Charter is building pursuant to subsidy programs, Charter will offer certain of its broadband Internet access services subject to required discounts and other marketing-related terms. If Charter fails to comply with those requirements, the governing regulatory agency could consider Charter in default and Charter could incur substantial penalties or forfeitures. If Charter fails to attain certain specified infrastructure build-out requirements under the RDOF program, the FCC could also withhold future support payments until those shortcomings are corrected. Any failure to comply with the rules and requirements of a subsidy grant could result in Charter being suspended or disbarred from future governmental programs or contracts for a significant period of time, which could adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition.

In September 2025, following the Supreme Court decision that upheld the FCC’s system for funding and administering its Universal Service programs, a new petition for review was filed in the Fifth Circuit challenging two subsections of the statute governing the USF. Charter cannot predict the outcome of this case or any related actions of Congress and the FCC, which could adversely affect receipt of universal service funds, including FCC E-rate funds to serve schools and libraries and FCC Rural Health Care funds to serve eligible health care providers.

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Charter’s current and past participation in state and federal programs that subsidize network construction in high-cost areas and service to schools or low-income consumers, and the provision of services to government agencies or entities, creates the risk of claims of Charter’s failure to adequately comply with the regulatory requirements of those programs or contracts. The FCC and various state and federal agencies and attorney generals may subject those programs, or other industry practices, to audits and investigations, which could result in enforcement actions, litigation, fines, settlements or reputational harm, and/or operational and financial conditions being placed on Charter, any of which could adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition.

If any laws or regulations are enacted that would expand the regulation of Charter’s services, they could affect Charter’s operations and require significant expenditures. Charter cannot predict future developments in these areas, and any changes to the regulatory framework for Charter’s Internet, mobile, video or voice services could have a negative impact on its business and results of operations.

It remains uncertain what rule changes, if any, will ultimately be adopted by Congress, the FCC, the FTC and/or state legislatures or state regulatory agencies, and what operating or financial impact any such rules might have on Charter, including on the operation of its broadband networks, customer privacy and the user experience.

Tax legislation and administrative initiatives or challenges to Charter’s tax and fee positions could adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition.

Charter offers services and operates cable systems in locations throughout the U.S. and, as a result, is subject to the tax laws and regulations of federal, state and local governments. From time to time, legislative and administrative bodies change laws and regulations that change Charter’s effective tax rate or tax payments. Certain states and localities have imposed or are considering imposing new or additional taxes or fees on Charter’s services or changing the methodologies or base on which certain fees and taxes are computed. Potential changes include additional taxes or fees on Charter’s services which could impact its customers, changes to income tax sourcing rules and other changes to general business taxes, central/unit-level assessment of property taxes and other matters that could increase Charter’s income, franchise, sales, use and/or property tax liabilities. In addition, federal, state and local tax laws and regulations are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. From time to time authorities challenge Charter’s tax positions and there can be no assurance that Charter’s tax positions will be successful in any such challenge.

Charter’s cable system franchises are subject to non-renewal or termination and are non-exclusive. The failure to renew a franchise or the grant of additional franchises in one or more service areas could adversely affect its business.

Charter’s cable systems generally operate pursuant to franchises, permits and similar authorizations issued by a state or local governmental authority controlling the public rights-of-way. Many franchises establish comprehensive facilities and service requirements, as well as specific customer service standards and monetary penalties for non-compliance, and from time to time some franchisors have alleged that Charter has not complied with every aspect of its franchising agreements. In many cases, franchises are terminable if the franchisee fails to comply with significant provisions set forth in the franchise agreement governing system operations. Franchises are usually granted for fixed terms and must be periodically renewed. Franchising authorities may resist granting a renewal if either past performance or the prospective operating proposal is considered inadequate. Franchise authorities often demand concessions or other commitments as a condition to renewal. In some instances, local franchises have not been renewed at expiration, and Charter has operated and is operating under either temporary operating agreements or without a franchise while negotiating renewal terms with the local franchising authorities.

Additionally, although historically Charter has renewed its franchises without incurring significant costs, Charter cannot guarantee that it will be able to renew, or to renew as favorably, its franchises in the future. A termination of or a sustained failure to renew a franchise in one or more service areas could adversely affect Charter’s business in the affected geographic area.

Charter’s cable system franchises are non-exclusive. Consequently, local and state franchising authorities can grant additional franchises to competitors in the same geographic area or operate their own cable systems. In some cases, local government entities and municipal utilities may legally compete with Charter on more favorable terms.

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The Cox Transactions are subject to conditions, some or all of which may not be satisfied, or completed on a timely basis, if at all. Failure to complete the Cox Transactions could have a material adverse effect on Charter.

The completion of the Cox Transactions is subject to a number of conditions, including, among other things, (i) the approval of the certificate amendment proposal by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the aggregate voting power of the outstanding shares of Charter Class A common stock and Class B common stock, voting together as a single class; (ii) the approval of the share issuance proposal by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the votes cast by the holders of Charter Class A common stock and Class B common stock, voting together as a single class; (iii) any applicable waiting period (and any extension thereof) under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, and any commitments by the parties not to close before a certain date under any timing agreement entered into with a government entity, in each case, with respect to the Cox Transactions shall have expired or been terminated (solely with respect to the obligations of the Charter parties to close, without the imposition of a burdensome condition); (iv) the receipt of certain other required regulatory approvals, including approval of the FCC and certain local franchise authority, state franchising and state public utility commission approvals (solely with respect to the obligations of the Charter parties to close, without the imposition of a burdensome condition); (v) the absence of any law, rule, executive order, decree, judgment, injunction or other order (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) which makes unlawful, prohibits, delays, enjoins or otherwise prevents or restrains the completion of the Cox Transactions; (vi) each party’s representations and warranties being true and correct (subject to certain materiality and material adverse effect qualifications); (vii) the absence of a material adverse effect on each party; and (viii) each party having performed in all material respects its obligations under the Cox Transaction Agreement.

While the parties have agreed in the Cox Transaction Agreement to use reasonable best efforts to satisfy the closing conditions, the parties may not be successful in their efforts to do so. The failure to satisfy all of the required conditions could delay the completion of the Cox Transactions for a significant period of time or prevent completion from occurring at all. Any delay in completing the Cox Transactions could cause Charter not to realize some or all of the benefits of the Cox Transactions, or realize them on a different timeline than expected. There can be no assurance that the conditions in the Cox Transaction Agreement will be satisfied or (to the extent permitted) waived or that the Cox Transactions will be completed. In addition, subject to limited exceptions, either Charter or Cox Enterprises, Inc. may terminate the Cox Transaction Agreement if the Cox Transactions have not been consummated by the end date, so long as the terminating party’s failure to comply in all material respects with the Cox Transaction Agreement has not been a primary cause of the failure of the closing to occur on or before the end date.

If the Cox Transactions are not completed, Charter may be materially adversely affected, without realizing any of the anticipated benefits of having completed the Cox Transactions, and Charter will be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

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In addition, if the Cox Transactions are not completed, Charter could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the Cox Transactions or related to any enforcement proceeding commenced against it to perform its obligations under the Cox Transaction Agreement. Any of these risks could materially and adversely impact Charter’s financial condition, financial results and stock price.

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Charter’s plans for funding the cash consideration and assuming indebtedness of Cox Communications may be adversely affected to the extent there are greater-than-expected increases in Charter’s indebtedness, lower-than-expected operating results, credit rating downgrades, or significant financial market disruptions.

Charter is obligated to fund $4.0 billion of cash consideration under the Cox Transaction Agreement which Charter expects to fund by incurring indebtedness, and expects to assume approximately $12.6 billion of Cox Communications’ outstanding net debt and finance leases in connection with the Cox Transactions, including Cox Communications’ outstanding unsecured notes as of closing (the “Cox Notes”). The indentures and supplemental indentures governing the Cox Notes contain certain negative covenants, including restrictions on the incurrence of secured indebtedness and indebtedness of restricted subsidiaries. If Charter’s indebtedness increases more than expected, its operating results are lower than expected, or significant financial markets disruptions occur, Charter’s cash on hand and available liquidity under its existing credit facilities may be insufficient to fund the cash portion of the consideration. Further, completion of the Cox Transactions may constitute a “change of control repurchase event” under the supplemental indentures governing certain of the Cox Notes if, in connection with the Cox Transactions, each of S&P Global Ratings, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Fitch Ratings, Inc. downgrade the credit rating of certain series of Cox Notes to a rating below “investment grade” (regardless of whether the rating prior to such downgrade was “investment grade” or below “investment grade”) prior to 60 days following consummation of a change of control (which period may be extended in certain circumstances). In such a circumstance, Charter (or one of its subsidiaries that, at the time, is the primary obligor of such series of notes) would be required to offer to repurchase each applicable holder’s Cox Notes of such series at a purchase price in cash equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of such series of Cox Notes repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In the event of such ratings downgrades, Charter may require additional debt financing to fund such repurchases, which may not be available on terms acceptable to it, or at all. A failure to make the applicable change of control offer or to pay the applicable change of control purchase price when due would result in a default in respect of the applicable series of Cox Notes and could result in a default under the terms of other indebtedness of Charter and its subsidiaries.

Charter and Cox Communications are subject to contractual restrictions while the Cox Transactions are pending, which could adversely affect their respective businesses and operations.

Under the terms of the Cox Transaction Agreement, Charter and Cox Communications are subject to certain restrictions on the conduct of their respective businesses prior to the closing. Such limitations may affect Charter’s or Cox Communications’ ability to execute certain of their business strategies, including the ability in certain cases to amend their organizational documents, repurchase shares or declare dividends in certain circumstances, incur certain indebtedness or complete certain acquisitions and other transactions, which could adversely affect Charter or Cox Communications prior to the closing.

The risks described above may be exacerbated by delays or other adverse developments with respect to the completion of the Cox Transactions.

Charter will incur direct and indirect costs as a result of the Cox Transactions.

Charter will incur substantial expenses in connection with and as a result of completing the Cox Transactions, including advisory, legal and other transaction costs, and, following the completion of the Cox Transactions, Charter expects to incur additional expenses in connection with combining the companies. A portion of these costs have already been incurred or will be incurred regardless of whether the Cox Transactions are completed. Factors beyond Charter’s control could affect the total amount or timing of these expenses, many of which, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately. Charter’s management continues to assess the magnitude of these costs, and additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in connection with the Cox Transactions. Although Charter expects that the realization of benefits related to the Cox Transactions will offset such costs and expenses over time, no assurances can be made that this net benefit will be achieved in the near term, or at all.

If Charter is not able to successfully integrate Cox Communications’ business within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated cost savings and other benefits of the Cox Transactions may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to

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realize than expected. In such circumstances, in the event the Cox Transactions are completed, Charter may not perform as expected and the value of the Charter Class A common stock may be adversely affected.

Charter and Cox Communications have operated and, until completion of the Cox Transactions will continue to operate, independently, and there can be no assurances that their businesses can be integrated successfully. After the consummation of the Cox Transactions, the combined company will have significantly more systems, assets, investments, businesses, customers and employees than each company did prior to the Cox Transactions. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key Charter and/or Cox Communications employees, the loss of subscribers and customers, the disruption of the companies’ ongoing businesses or unexpected integration issues, higher than expected integration costs and an overall post-completion integration process that takes longer than originally anticipated. The process of integrating Cox Communications with the businesses Charter operated prior to the Cox Transactions will require significant capital expenditures and the expansion of certain operations and operating and financial systems. Management of each company will be required to devote a significant amount of time and attention to the integration process before the Cox Transactions are completed. There is a significant degree of difficulty and management involvement inherent in that process. These difficulties include:

Even if the new businesses are successfully integrated, it may not be possible to realize the benefits that are expected to result from the Cox Transactions, or realize these benefits within the time frame that is expected. For example, the elimination of duplicative costs may not be possible or may take longer than anticipated, or the benefits from the Cox Transactions may be offset by costs incurred or delays in integrating the businesses and increased operating costs. If the combined company fails to realize the anticipated benefits from the Cox Transactions, its liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and/or share price may be adversely affected. In addition, at times, the attention of certain members of Charter’s and/or Cox Communications’ management and resources may be focused on the completion of the Cox Transactions and the integration of the businesses and diverted from day-to-day business operations, which may disrupt each company’s business and the business of the combined company.

The market price of Charter Class A common stock may decline as a result of the Cox Transactions.

The market price of Charter Class A common stock may decline as a result of the Cox Transactions if, among other things, the costs of the Cox Transactions are greater than expected, Charter does not achieve the perceived benefits of the Cox Transactions as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by financial or industry analysts or the effect of the Cox Transactions on Charter’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry

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analysts. Any of these events may make it more difficult for Charter to sell equity or equity-related securities and have an adverse impact on the price of Charter Class A common stock.

The Cox Transactions raise other risks.

The pending Cox Transactions raise additional risks not described above. For additional information, see the definitive proxy statement with respect to the Cox Transactions, filed by Charter on July 2, 2025, including the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Where You Can Find More Information” included therein.

Factors Relating to our Common Stock and the Securities Market

The following risks relate to the ownership of our common stock. However, while the Transactions are pending, we are currently subject to certain contractual restrictions and therefore may not be able to take some or all of the actions described below. See “—Factors Relating to the Proposed Transactions–We are subject to contractual restrictions while the Transactions are pending, which could adversely affect our business.”

We expect our stock price to continue to be directly affected by the results of operations of Charter and developments in its business.

The fair value of our investment in Charter, on an as-converted basis, was approximately $8.7 billion as of December 31, 2025, which represents 98% of our total assets as of December 31, 2025. As a result, our stock price will continue to be directly affected by the results of operations of Charter and the developments in its business.

Although our Series B common stock is quoted on the OTC Markets, there is no meaningful trading market for the stock.

Our Series B common stock is not widely held, with approximately 69% of the outstanding shares beneficially owned by John C. Malone, the Chairman of our board of directors, as of January 31, 2026. Although it is quoted on the OTC Markets, it is sparsely traded and does not have an active trading market. The OTC Markets tend to be highly illiquid, in part, because there is no national quotation system by which potential investors can track the market price of shares except through information received or generated by a limited number of broker-dealers that make markets in particular stocks. There is also a greater chance of market volatility for securities that trade on the OTC Markets as opposed to a national exchange or quotation system. This volatility is due to a variety of factors, including a lack of readily available price quotations, lower trading volume, absence of consistent administrative supervision of "bid" and "ask" quotations, and market conditions. Each share of the Series B common stock is convertible, at any time at the option of the holder, into one share of our Series A common stock, which is listed and traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "LBRDA."

It may be difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so may be beneficial to our stockholders.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company that a stockholder may consider favorable. These provisions include the following:

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The Merger Agreement contains provisions that could discourage a potential competing acquiror of us or Charter, or could result in any competing proposal being at a lower price than it otherwise might be.

Pursuant to the terms, and during the pendency, of the Merger Agreement, we and Charter have agreed to non-solicitation obligations with respect to third-party acquisition proposals (including provisions restricting our and Charter’s ability to provide confidential information to third parties) and have agreed to certain restrictions on us, Charter and our and their representatives’ ability to respond to any such proposals.

In addition, John C. Malone currently beneficially owns shares representing the power to direct approximately 16% of the aggregate voting power in our company, due to his beneficial ownership of approximately 69% of the outstanding shares of our Series B common stock as of January 31, 2026.

Holders of a single series of our common stock may not have any remedies if an action by our directors has an adverse effect on only that series of our common stock.

Principles of Delaware law and the provisions of our certificate of incorporation may protect decisions of our board of directors that have a disparate impact upon holders of any single series of our common stock. Under Delaware law, the board of directors has a duty to act with due care and in the best interests of all of our stockholders, including the holders of all series of our common stock. Principles of Delaware law established in cases involving differing treatment of multiple classes or series of stock provide that a board of directors owes an equal duty to all common stockholders regardless of class or series and does not have separate or additional duties to any group of stockholders. As a result, in some circumstances, our directors may be required to make a decision that is viewed as adverse to the holders of one series of our common stock. Under the principles of Delaware law and the business judgment rule, holders may not be able to successfully challenge decisions that they believe have a disparate impact upon the holders of one series of our stock if our board of directors is disinterested and independent with respect to the action taken, is adequately informed with respect to the action taken and acts in good faith and in the honest belief that the board of directors is acting in the best interest of all of our stockholders.

Liberty Broadband common stock transactions by our insiders could depress the market price of those stocks.

Sales of, or hedging transactions such as collars relating to, shares of our common stock by our Chairman of the board of directors, or any of our other directors or executive officers, could cause a perception in the marketplace that the stock price of the relevant shares has peaked or that adverse events or trends have occurred or may be occurring at our company or the group to which the shares relates. This perception can result notwithstanding any personal financial motivation for these transactions. As a result, insider transactions could depress the market price for shares of our common stock.

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Factors Relating to the Proposed Transactions

If the treatment of the Combination as a “reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code is challenged by the IRS or the IRS disagrees with the intended tax treatment of any proceeds we receive from the repurchase of Charter shares or certain loans we receive from Charter, the Combination may result in additional tax liability for us or our stockholders.

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The Combination is intended to qualify as a “reorganization” within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Code, and our obligation to complete the Combination is conditioned upon receiving an opinion of our tax counsel that the Combination will so qualify. However, an opinion of counsel is not binding on the IRS or the courts. If this conclusion is challenged, and it is determined that the Combination does not qualify as a “reorganization” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our stockholders would be required to recognize any taxable gain on the exchange of their common and preferred stock for Charter stock pursuant to the Combination. In addition, even if the Combination qualifies as a “reorganization”, taxes could be imposed on us if the IRS disagrees with the intended tax treatment of the proceeds we receive from the repurchase of Charter shares or the loans we receive from Charter pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment. Any such resulting taxes could be material. Any such tax liabilities imposed on us would effectively become liabilities of Charter after the completion of the Combination.

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We expect to incur costs and expenses in connection with the Transactions.

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We expect that we will incur certain nonrecurring costs in connection with the consummation of the Transactions, including investment banking, legal and accounting fees and financial printing and other related charges. A majority of these costs have already been incurred or will be incurred regardless of whether the Transactions are completed. While many of the expenses that will be incurred, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately at the present time, our management continues to assess the magnitude of these costs, and additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in connection with the Transactions. Although we expect that the realization of benefits related to the Transactions will offset such costs and expenses over time, no assurances can be made that this net benefit will be achieved in the near term, or at all.

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The announcement and pendency of the Transactions could divert the attention of management and cause disruptions in our business and the business of Charter, which could have an adverse effect on our and Charter’s business and financial results.

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Management of both Charter and us may be required to divert a disproportionate amount of attention away from their respective day-to-day activities and operations, and devote time and effort to consummating the Combination. The risks, and adverse effects, of such disruptions and diversions could be exacerbated by a delay in the completion of the Combination. In particular, this risk is heightened by the fact that the parties have agreed to a closing to occur contemporaneously with the Cox Transactions (subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions to closing), unless terminated in accordance with the Merger Agreement or otherwise agreed, and subject to adjustment in connection with certain tax law changes that may be proposed following the date of the Merger Agreement, in each case as set forth in the Merger Agreement. These factors could adversely affect the financial position or results of operations of Charter and us, regardless of whether the Combination is completed.

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We are subject to contractual restrictions while the Transactions are pending, which could adversely affect our business.

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The Merger Agreement imposes certain restrictive interim covenants on us during the pendency of the Merger Agreement. For instance, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the consent of the special committee of the board of directors of Charter (on behalf of Charter) is required in respect of, among other things, amendments to our organizational documents, the incurrence of certain debt for borrowed money, payments of certain dividends with respect to our capital stock, certain issuances of shares of our capital stock, and payments of certain liabilities. These restrictions may prevent us from taking certain actions during the period from the date of the Merger Agreement to the effective time of the Combination, including to pursue strategic transactions, undertake significant capital projects, undertake certain significant financing transactions and otherwise pursue other actions, even if such actions would prove beneficial. In addition, this risk is heightened by the fact that the parties have agreed to a closing to occur contemporaneously with the Cox Transactions (subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions to closing), unless terminated in accordance with the Merger Agreement or otherwise agreed, and subject to adjustment in connection with certain tax law changes that may be proposed following the date of the Merger Agreement, in each case as set forth in the Merger Agreement.

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The Transactions are subject to conditions, some or all of which may not be satisfied, or completed on a timely basis, if at all. Failure to complete the Transactions could negatively impact our business and/or financial results and cause the stock price of our common stock to decline, perhaps significantly.

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The completion of the Transactions is subject to a number of conditions, including customary closing conditions. We cannot make any assurances that the Transactions will be completed on the terms or timeline currently contemplated, or at all. Some of the conditions to the completion of the Transactions are outside our control and outside the control of other parties to the Transactions. We have and will continue to expend time and resources and incur expenses related to the proposed Transactions.

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If the Transactions are not completed for any reason, our ongoing business may be adversely affected and we will be subject to several risks and consequences, including the following:

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In addition, if the Transactions are not completed, we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from our employees, commercial partners and customers. We could also be subject to litigation, including litigation related to failure to complete the Combination or to enforce obligations under the Merger Agreement. If the Combination is not consummated, there can be no assurance that the risks described above will not materially affect our business, financial results and stock prices. The stock price of our common stock may decline, perhaps significantly, to the extent such stock price reflects a market assumption that the Transactions will be completed, or based on the market’s perception as to why the Transactions were not completed.

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The Merger Agreement contains provisions that could discourage a potential competing acquiror of us or Charter, or could result in any competing proposal being at a lower price than it otherwise might be.

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Pursuant to the terms, and during the pendency, of the Merger Agreement, we and Charter have agreed to non-solicitation obligations with respect to third-party acquisition proposals (including provisions restricting our and Charter’s ability to provide confidential information to third parties) and have agreed to certain restrictions on us, Charter and our and their representatives’ ability to respond to any such proposals.

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The Merger Agreement contains provisions that limit our ability to pursue alternatives to the Combination, could discourage a potential acquiror from making a favorable alternative transaction proposal and, in specified circumstances, could require us to pay a substantial termination fee to Charter.

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The Merger Agreement contains provisions that make it more difficult for us to engage in any alternative transaction with a third party. The Merger Agreement contains certain provisions that restrict our ability to, among other things, solicit, initiate, knowingly facilitate, knowingly induce, knowingly encourage, or enter into or continue or otherwise participate in any discussions relating to, or approve or recommend, any third-party alternative parent transaction proposal or third-party alternative company transaction proposal, respectively.

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In addition, in some circumstances, upon termination of the Merger Agreement, we would be required to pay a termination fee of $460 million to Charter.

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These provisions could discourage a potential third-party acquiror or merger partner that might have an interest in acquiring all or a significant portion of our company or pursuing an alternative company transaction or alternative parent transaction from considering or proposing such a transaction, even if it were prepared to pay consideration with a higher per share value than the value proposed to be received in the Combination or would result in greater value to our stockholders relative to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement. In particular, the termination fee, if applicable, could result in a potential

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third-party acquiror or merger partner proposing to pay a lower price to our stockholders than it might otherwise have proposed to pay absent such a fee.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

Impact of cybersecurity risks on business strategy, results of operations or financial condition

As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not aware of any risks from cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

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For additional information on our cybersecurity risks, see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” under the section entitled “Cyberattacks or other network disruptions could have an adverse effect on our company" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Governance

Role of the Board of Directors

Role of Management

Our management team’s experience includes a diverse background in telecom, media and other industries, with decades of combined experience in various aspects of cybersecurity. Liberty’s Head of Cybersecurity has more than 15 years of cybersecurity, information technology, and risk management experience and has worked at and with a variety of companies, including large publicly traded companies, implementing and managing IT and cybersecurity programs and teams, developing tools and processes to protect internal networks, customer payment systems and telecommunications networks used by customers to transmit data. In addition to industry and technical experience, the personnel who support Liberty’s information security also have relevant education, professional certifications, and ongoing training to keep pace with the evolving threat landscape.

Item 2. Properties

Liberty Broadband

In connection with the Broadband Spin-Off, a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty entered into a facilities sharing agreement with Liberty Broadband, pursuant to which Liberty Broadband shares office facilities with Liberty located at 12300 Liberty Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado, 80112.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Charter Proceedings

The California Attorney General and the Alameda County, California District Attorney are investigating whether certain of Charter’s waste disposal policies, procedures and practices are in violation of the California Business and Professions Code and the California Health and Safety Code. That investigation was commenced in January 2014. A similar investigation involving Time Warner Cable, LLC was initiated in February 2012. Charter is cooperating with these investigations. While Charter is unable to predict the outcome of these investigations, it does not expect that the outcome will have a material effect on its operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

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Charter is a defendant or co-defendant in several lawsuits involving alleged infringement of various intellectual property relating to various aspects of its businesses. Other industry participants are also defendants in certain of these cases or related cases. In the event that a court ultimately determines that Charter infringes on any intellectual property, Charter may be subject to substantial damages and/or an injunction that could require Charter or its vendors to modify certain products and services it offers to its subscribers, as well as negotiate royalty or license agreements with respect to the intellectual property at issue. While Charter believes the lawsuits are without merit and intends to defend the actions vigorously, no assurance can be given that any adverse outcome would not be material to Charter’s operations, consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. Charter cannot predict the outcome of any such claims nor can it reasonably estimate a range of possible loss.

Charter is party to other lawsuits, claims and regulatory inquiries or investigations that arise in the ordinary course of conducting its business or in connection with Charter’s participation in government funding programs. The ultimate outcome of these other legal matters pending against Charter or its subsidiaries cannot be predicted, and although such lawsuits and claims are not expected individually to have a material adverse effect on our or Charter’s operations, consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity, such lawsuits could have in the aggregate a material adverse effect on ours or Charter’s operations, consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. Whether or not Charter ultimately prevails in any particular lawsuit or claim, litigation can be time consuming and costly and injure its reputation.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our Series A and Series C common stock trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “LBRDA” and “LBRDK,” respectively. Our Series B common stock is quoted on the OTC Markets under the symbol “LBRDB,” but it is not actively traded. Stock price information for securities traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market can be found on the Nasdaq’s website at www.nasdaq.com.

The following table sets forth the quarterly range of high and low sales prices of our Series B common stock for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. There is no established public trading market for our Series B common stock, which is quoted on the OTC Markets. Such over-the-counter market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices without retail mark-ups, mark-downs or commissions, and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

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Holders

As of January 31, 2026, there were 554, 67 and 1,943 holders of our Series A, Series B and Series C common stock, respectively. The foregoing numbers of record holders do not include the number of stockholders whose shares are held nominally by banks, brokerage houses or other institutions, but include each such institution as one shareholder.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock, which is currently restricted by the Merger Agreement, and we have no present intention of so doing. Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be determined by our board of directors in light of our earnings, financial condition and other relevant considerations.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $1.7 billion available to be used for share repurchases under the Company’s share repurchase program, which is currently restricted by the Merger Agreement.

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There were no repurchases of Liberty Broadband Series A, Series B or Series C common stock or Liberty Broadband Series A cumulative redeemable preferred stock (“Liberty Broadband preferred stock”) during the three months ended December 31, 2025.

During the three months ended December 31, 2025, zero shares of Liberty Broadband Series A common stock, zero shares of Liberty Broadband Series B common stock, 368 shares of Liberty Broadband Series C common stock and zero shares of Liberty Broadband preferred stock were surrendered by our officers and employees to pay withholding taxes and other deductions in connection with the vesting of their restricted stock.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis provides information concerning our results of operations and financial condition. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.

Overview

Liberty Broadband Corporation (“Liberty Broadband,” “the Company,” “us,” “we,” or “our”) is primarily comprised of an equity method investment in Charter Communications, Inc. (“Charter”).

During May 2014, the board of directors of Liberty Media Corporation and its subsidiaries (“Liberty”) authorized management to pursue a plan to spin-off to its stockholders common stock of a wholly owned subsidiary, Liberty Broadband, and to distribute subscription rights to acquire shares of Liberty Broadband’s common stock (the “Broadband Spin-Off”).

On December 18, 2020, the original GCI Liberty, Inc. (“prior GCI Liberty”), the previous parent company of GCI, was acquired by Liberty Broadband.

In July 2025, Liberty Broadband and its subsidiaries completed an internal reorganization preceding the GCI Divestiture to transfer the GCI Business (as defined below) to GCI Liberty, Inc. (“GCI Liberty”). Following the internal reorganization, GCI Liberty owns, directly or indirectly, GCI, LLC and the operations comprising, and the entities that conduct, the GCI Business (collectively, “GCI”). GCI Liberty was a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Broadband until the GCI Divestiture, which was completed on July 14, 2025. GCI Liberty is presented as a discontinued operation in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. See note 2 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for details of the GCI Divestiture.

Through a number of prior years’ transactions, Liberty Broadband has acquired an interest in Charter. Liberty Broadband controls 25.01% of the aggregate voting power of Charter.

Recent Events

Charter Combination

On November 12, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Merger Agreement”) under which Charter has agreed to acquire Liberty Broadband (the “Combination”, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”). Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, each holder of Liberty Broadband Series A common stock, Series B common stock, and Series C common stock (collectively, “Liberty Broadband common stock”) will receive 0.236 of a share of Charter Class A common stock per share of Liberty Broadband common stock held, with cash to be paid in lieu of fractional shares. Each holder of Liberty Broadband Series A cumulative redeemable preferred stock (“Liberty Broadband preferred stock”) will receive one share of newly issued Charter Series A cumulative redeemable preferred stock (“Charter preferred stock”) per share of Liberty Broadband preferred stock held. The Charter preferred stock will substantially mirror the current terms of the Liberty Broadband preferred stock, including a mandatory redemption date of March 8, 2039. At the special meeting held on February 26, 2025, the requisite holders of Liberty Broadband’s Series A common stock, Series B common stock and Series A cumulative redeemable preferred stock approved the adoption of the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, Liberty Broadband will combine with Charter and divested the business of GCI (the “GCI Business”).

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In addition, in connection with the entry into the Merger Agreement, Charter, Liberty Broadband and Advance/Newhouse Partnership (“A/N”) entered into an amendment (the “Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment”) to (i) that certain Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated as of May 23, 2015 (as amended, the “Stockholders Agreement”), by and among Charter, Liberty Broadband, and A/N, and (ii) that certain Letter Agreement, dated as of February 23, 2021 (the “Letter Agreement”), by and between Charter and Liberty Broadband. Pursuant to the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, each month during the pendency of the proposed Transactions under the Merger Agreement, Charter is intended to repurchase shares of Charter Class A common stock from Liberty Broadband in an amount equal to the greater of (i) $100 million and (ii) an amount such that immediately after giving effect thereto, Liberty Broadband would have sufficient cash to satisfy certain obligations as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and Merger Agreement, provided that if any repurchase would reduce Liberty Broadband’s equity interest in Charter below 25.25% after giving effect to such repurchase or if all or a portion of such repurchase is not permissable, then Charter shall instead loan to Liberty Broadband an amount equal to the lesser of (x) the repurchase amount that cannot be repurchased and (y) an agreed minimum liquidity threshold as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment less the repurchase amount that is repurchased, with such loan to occur on the terms set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, in each case, subject to certain conditions. Liberty Broadband will remain subject to the existing voting cap of 25.01% as further described in Part I, Item 1. “Business – Ownership Interests” of this Annual Report. Proceeds from share repurchases applied to debt service are expected to be tax free.

On May 16, 2025, Charter and Cox Enterprises, Inc. (“Cox”) announced that they entered into a definitive agreement to combine their businesses (the “Cox Transactions”). In connection with this transaction, Liberty Broadband has agreed to accelerate the closing of the Combination to occur contemporaneously with the Cox Transactions. There are no changes to any other transaction terms of the pending Liberty Broadband and Charter transaction.

GCI Divestiture

As discussed above, as a condition to closing the Combination, Liberty Broadband agreed to divest the GCI Business by way of a distribution to the holders of Liberty Broadband common stock (the “GCI Divestiture”), which was completed on July 14, 2025. The GCI Divestiture was taxable to Liberty Broadband and its stockholders, with Charter bearing the corporate level tax liability upon completion of the Combination. If such corporate level tax liability exceeded $420 million, Liberty Broadband (and Charter upon completion of the Combination) would be entitled under a tax receivables agreement to the portion of the tax benefits realized by GCI Liberty corresponding to such excess; however, the corporate level tax liability from the GCI Divestiture is estimated to be significantly less than $420 million.

On June 19, 2025, Liberty Broadband entered into a Separation and Distribution Agreement (the “Separation and Distribution Agreement”), whereby, subject to the terms thereof, GCI Liberty, a Nevada corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Broadband, would spin-off from Liberty Broadband.

Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the GCI Divestiture was accomplished by means of a distribution by Liberty Broadband of 0.20 of a share of GCI Liberty’s Series A, B and C GCI Group common stock, (collectively, the “GCI Group common stock”), for each whole share of the corresponding series of Liberty Broadband common stock held as of June 30, 2025 by the holder thereof. The distribution of the GCI Group common stock was completed on July 14, 2025. As a result of the GCI Divestiture, GCI Liberty is an independent, publicly traded company and its businesses, assets and liabilities initially consist of 100% of the outstanding equity interests in GCI.

In connection with the GCI Divestiture, Liberty Broadband entered into certain agreements with GCI Liberty, including the Separation and Distribution Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, Liberty Broadband and GCI Liberty will indemnify each other against certain losses that may arise, a tax sharing agreement (the “GCI Tax Sharing Agreement”) and a tax receivables agreement (the “GCI Tax Receivables Agreement”). The GCI Tax Sharing Agreement governs the allocation of taxes, tax benefits, tax items and tax-related losses between Liberty Broadband and GCI Liberty, and the GCI Tax Receivables Agreement governs the respective rights and obligations of Liberty Broadband and GCI Liberty with respect to certain tax matters.

As the GCI Divestiture represents a strategic shift that had a major effect on Liberty Broadband’s operations and financial results, GCI Liberty is presented as a discontinued operation from the GCI Divestiture date.

In connection with the GCI Divestiture, Martin E. Patterson was appointed to the role of President and Chief Executive Officer of Liberty Broadband, effective July 14, 2025. Upon effectiveness of Mr. Patterson’s appointment, John C. Malone resigned as President and Chief Executive Officer but remains Chairman of the Board.

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Other

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted into law. The OBBBA contains numerous business tax provisions with varying effective dates in 2025, 2026, and 2027. During the third quarter of 2025, we incorporated the accounting impacts from the law change in our financial statements resulting in no material impact to income tax expense of our continuing operations.

Strategies and Challenges

Executive Summary

Charter is a leading broadband connectivity company with services available to 58 million homes and small to large businesses across 41 states through its Spectrum brand. Founded in 1993, Charter has evolved from providing cable TV to streaming, and from high-speed Internet to a converged broadband, WiFi and mobile experience. Over the Spectrum Fiber Broadband Network and supported by its 100% United States (“U.S.”)-based employees, Charter offers Seamless Connectivity and Entertainment with Spectrum^® Internet, Mobile, TV and Voice products. At December 31, 2025, Liberty Broadband owned approximately 41.5 million shares of Charter Class A common stock, representing an approximate 32.8% economic ownership interest in Charter’s issued and outstanding shares.

Key Drivers of Revenue

Charter’s revenue is principally derived from the monthly fees customers pay for services it provides. Charter also earns revenue from one-time installation fees and advertising sales. Charter’s marketing organization creates and executes marketing programs intended to grow customer relationships, increase the number of services they sell per relationship, retain existing customers and cross-sell additional products to current customers.

Current Trends Affecting Our Business

Charter must stay abreast of rapidly evolving technological developments and offerings to remain competitive and increase the utility of its products and services. Charter must be able to incorporate new technologies into its products and services in order to address the needs of customers.

Charter

Charter faces intense competition for residential customers, both from existing competitors and, as a result of the rapid development of new technologies, services and products, from new entrants. With respect to its residential business, Charter competes with other providers of Internet access, telephone and mobile services, video and other sources of home entertainment. Charter’s principal competitors for Internet services are the broadband services provided by companies, including fiber-to-the-home, fixed wireless broadband, Internet delivered via satellite and digital subscriber line services. In addition, commercial areas, such as retail malls, restaurants and airports, offer WiFi Internet service. Numerous local governments are also considering or actively pursuing publicly subsidized WiFi Internet access networks. In addition, providers are constructing open access networks that can deliver services from multiple underlying Internet service providers. These options offer alternatives to cable-based Internet access. Charter’s principal competitors for voice and mobile services are other mobile and wireline phone providers, including AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile, as well as other forms of communication, such as text messaging on cellular phones, instant messaging, social networking services, video conferencing and email. The increase in the number of different technologies capable of carrying voice services and the number of alternative communication options available to customers as well as the replacement of wireline services by wireless have intensified the competitive environment in which Charter operates its residential voice service. Charter’s principal competitors for video services are virtual multichannel video programming distributors such as YouTube TV, Hulu Plus Live TV, Sling TV, Philo and DirecTV Stream, as well as direct broadcast satellite service providers.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, Charter added 1.9 million mobile lines while Internet and video losses improved as compared to the prior year period. Sales were challenged by the competitive environment but were offset by lower customer churn. Charter remains focused on improving customer results through its brand platform, Life Unlimited, which emphasizes the power of Charter’s advanced fiber-powered network and cutting-edge connectivity products and services and its simplified pricing and packaging strategy that better utilizes its seamless connectivity and entertainment products to offer lower promotional and persistent bundled pricing to drive growth.

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Charter’s Internet and mobile product bundles provide a differentiated connectivity experience by bringing together Spectrum Internet, Advanced WiFi and Unlimited Spectrum Mobile to offer consumers fast, reliable and secure online connections on their favorite devices at home and on the go in high-value packages. Charter has completed deals with major programmers to deliver better flexibility and greater value to customers by including seamless entertainment applications with certain of its Spectrum TV packages at no additional cost. In July 2025, Charter began launching the sale of these seamless entertainment applications to customers on an à la carte basis and recently launched the Spectrum App Store, a digital storefront that helps customers activate, upgrade, buy and manage their streaming applications in one place. Charter also continues to evolve other elements of its video product and is deploying Xumo Stream Boxes to new video customers.

Charter’s customer commitments focus on reliable connectivity, transparency, exceptional service and always improving. By continually improving its product set and offering consumers the opportunity to save money by switching to Charter’s services, Charter believes it can continue to penetrate its expanding footprint and sell additional products to existing customers. Charter sees operational benefits from the targeted investments made in employee wages and benefits to build employee skill sets and tenure, as well as the continued investments in digitization of its customer service platforms, all with the goal of improving the customer experience, reducing transactions and driving customer growth and retention.

Charter spent $2.2 billion on its subsidized rural construction initiative during the year ended December 31, 2025 and activated approximately 483,000 subsidized rural passings. Charter currently offers Spectrum Internet products with speeds up to 1 gigabits per second across its entire footprint and multi-gigabit speeds in a portion of its footprint. Charter’s network evolution initiative remains on track to deliver symmetrical and multi-gigabit speeds across its entire footprint with convergence everywhere it operates.

Results of Operations—Consolidated

General. Provided in the table below is information regarding our consolidated Operating Results and Other Income and Expense.

A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024 is presented below. A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023 can be found in Part II, Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025.

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General and administrative

General and administrative expense decreased $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to decreased professional service fees related to the Transactions.

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation expense decreased $10 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease in stock-based compensation expense was primarily because of decreased grant activity, as currently restricted under the Merger Agreement, and certain prior period grants completing their vesting schedules.

Operating Income (Loss)

Consolidated operating loss improved $14 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, due to the above explanations.

Other Income and Expense:

Components of Other income (expense) are presented in the table below.

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased $35 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was driven by lower interest rates on our variable rate debt, as well as lower amounts outstanding of exchangeable senior debentures.

Share of earnings (losses) of affiliate

Share of losses from affiliate increased $4,385 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. Due to a sustained decline in Charter’s share price, we recorded a $4.4 billion impairment loss on our equity method investment in Charter during the fourth quarter of 2025, reducing our investment balance to fair value determined using Charter’s share price, which is a Level 1 fair value input. The impairment reflects an other than temporary decline in our investment in Charter’s fair value. We will continue to monitor Charter’s share price, among other relevant considerations, to determine if the carrying value of our investment is appropriate. Future declines in share price could result in additional impairments, which could be material.

Share of earnings (losses) from affiliates is attributable to the Company’s ownership interest in Charter. Upon the Company’s initial investment in Charter, the Company allocated the excess basis, between the book basis of Charter and fair value of the shares acquired and ascribed remaining useful lives of 7 years and 13 years to property and equipment and customer relationships, respectively, and indefinite lives to franchise fees, trademarks and goodwill. As of December 31, 2025, property and equipment and customer relationships have weighted average remaining useful lives of approximately 2 years and 6 years, respectively. Outstanding debt is amortized over the contractual period using the straight-line method. Amortization related to debt and intangible assets with identifiable useful lives is included in the Company’s share of earnings (losses) from affiliates line item in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and aggregated $266 million and $303 million, net of related taxes, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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The following is a discussion of Charter’s standalone results of operations. In order to provide a better understanding of Charter’s operations, we have included a summarized presentation of Charter’s results from operations. Charter is a separate publicly traded company and additional information about Charter can be obtained through its website and public filings, which are not incorporated by reference. The amounts included in the table below, derived from Charter’s public filings, represent Charter’s results for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Charter’s revenue decreased $311 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to lower customers, higher seamless entertainment allocation and lower advertising sales, partly offset by mobile line growth and higher average revenue per customer.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, operating costs and expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization, decreased $139 million, as compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to lower programming costs as a result of a higher mix of lower cost video packages within Charter’s video customer base and fewer video customers as well as costs allocated to seamless entertainment applications and netted within video revenue, partly offset by contractual rate adjustments, including renewals and increases in amounts paid for retransmission consent. This decrease was partially offset by higher mobile service direct costs and mobile device sales due to an increase in mobile lines, as well as higher costs for marketing and residential sales due to a change in sales mix to higher cost sales channels. It was further offset by increases in other operating expenses, including higher merger and acquisition costs and increased losses on the disposal of assets in 2025 as compared to the same period in 2024.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $38 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, primarily as a result of more recent capital expenditures, partly offset by certain assets becoming fully depreciated.

Charter’s operating income decreased $210 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, for the reasons described above.

Other expense, net decreased $166 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease in other expenses, net were primarily driven by decreased interest expense due to a decrease in weighted average interest rates and debt.

Gain (loss) on dilution of investment in affiliate

The loss on dilution of investment in affiliate increased $64 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The loss on dilution of investment in affiliate increased primarily due to an increase in issuance of Charter common stock from the exercise of stock options and restricted stock units held by employees and other third parties at lower share prices than in the prior year, partially offset by net gains on dilution related to Charter’s repurchase of Liberty Broadband’s Charter shares during both the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, although a significantly smaller offsetting gain in 2025.

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Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments, net

Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on financial instruments, net are comprised of changes in the fair value of the following:

The changes in these accounts are primarily due to market factors and changes in the fair value of the underlying stocks or financial instruments to which these related (see notes 5 and 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional discussion). During the year ended December 31, 2025, realized and unrealized gains (losses) included $53 million of previously unrecognized gains related to the retirement of the 3.125% Exchangeable Senior Debentures due 2054. The additional changes in realized and unrealized gains (losses) for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily due to the change in fair value of the debentures outstanding for the respective periods related to changes in market price of the underlying Charter stock.

Other, net

Other, net loss increased $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. The change was primarily due to a tax sharing receivable with QVC Group, Inc., formerly Qurate Retail, Inc. (“QVC Group”). The tax sharing receivable with QVC Group resulted in tax sharing losses of $9 million and tax sharing income of $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See more discussion about the tax sharing agreement with QVC Group in note 1 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Income taxes

Earnings (loss) before income taxes and income tax benefit (expense) are as follows:

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Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was different than the federal tax rate of 21% primarily due to non-taxable proceeds from Charter share repurchases received pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations

We had net losses from continuing operations of $2,331 million and net earnings from continuing operations of $796 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The change in net earnings (loss) was the result of the above-described fluctuations in our expenses and other gains and losses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2025, substantially all of our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are invested in U.S. Treasury securities, other government securities or government guaranteed funds, AAA rated money market funds and other highly rated financial and corporate debt instruments.

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We discuss below both potential sources and use of liquidity, however, while the Transactions are pending, we are currently subject to certain contractual restrictions and therefore may not be able to take some or all of the actions described below.

The following are potential sources of liquidity: available cash balances, monetization of investments (including Charter Repurchases (as defined in note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and discussed below)), outstanding or anticipated debt facilities (as discussed in note 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements), loans from Charter pursuant to the Merger Agreement and Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, and dividend and interest receipts.

As of December 31, 2025, Liberty Broadband had a cash and cash equivalents balance of $57 million.

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The increase in cash used in operating activities in 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily driven by timing differences in working capital accounts.

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, net cash flows provided by investing activities were primarily related to the sale of Charter Class A common stock for $1,200 million and $335 million, respectively. In February 2021, Liberty Broadband entered into the Letter Agreement in order to implement, facilitate and satisfy the terms of the Stockholders Agreement with respect to the Equity Cap (see more information in note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). Further, simultaneously with the Merger Agreement in November 2024, the Company entered into the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment that provides that Charter is intended to repurchase shares of Charter Class A common stock from Liberty Broadband in an amount equal to the greater of (i) $100 million, and (ii) an amount such that immediately after giving effect thereto, Liberty Broadband would have sufficient cash to satisfy certain obligations as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and Merger Agreement, provided that if any repurchase would reduce Liberty Broadband’s equity interest in Charter below 25.25% after giving effect to such repurchase or if all or a portion of such repurchase is not permissible, then Charter shall instead loan to Liberty Broadband in an amount equal to the lesser of (x) the repurchase amount that cannot be repurchased and (y) an agreed minimum liquidity threshold as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment less the repurchase amount that is repurchased, with such loan to occur on the terms set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment, in each case, subject to certain conditions. From and after the date the 3.125% Debentures due 2053 (as defined in note 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements) are no longer outstanding, the amount of monthly repurchases would instead be the lesser of (i) $100 million and (ii) an amount equal to the sum of (x) an amount such that immediately after giving effect thereto, Liberty Broadband would satisfy certain minimum liquidity requirements as set forth in the Stockholders and Letter Agreement Amendment and (y) the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Margin Loan Facility (as defined in note 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). Pursuant to this agreement, the Company expects the Charter Repurchases to be a significant source of liquidity in future periods.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net cash flows used in financing activities were primarily to settle the 3.125% Debentures due 2054 for $952 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash flows used in financing activities were primarily for the repurchase of approximately $300 million in aggregate principal amount of the 3.125% Debentures due 2053 (as described more fully in note 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements) and net repayments of approximately $670 million on the Margin Loan Facility, partly offset by the issuance of $860 million aggregate original principal amount of the 3.125% Debentures due 2054. Additionally, net cash flows used in financing activities included repurchases of Liberty Broadband Series A and Series C common stock of $89 million. The net cash flows used in financing activities were partly offset by a distribution received from a former subsidiary of $150 million.

The projected uses of cash and restricted cash in the next year are debt service and repayment, approximately $80 million for interest payments on outstanding debt, approximately $15 million for Liberty Broadband preferred stock dividends,

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transaction-related expenses and to reimburse Liberty for amounts due under various agreements. We expect corporate cash and other available sources of liquidity as discussed above to cover corporate expenses for the foreseeable future.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Material Cash Requirements

We have contingent liabilities related to legal and tax proceedings and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Although it is reasonably possible we may incur losses upon conclusion of such matters, an estimate of any loss or range of loss cannot be made, except for those matters disclosed in notes 8 and 11 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Information concerning the amount and timing of current and long-term material cash requirements, both accrued and off-balance sheet, excluding loss contingencies and uncertain tax positions, if any, where it is indeterminable when payments will be made, is summarized below: