(5) Investment in Charter Accounted for Using the Equity Method

Through a number of prior years’ transactions, Liberty Broadband has acquired an interest in Charter. The investment in Charter is accounted for as an equity method affiliate based on our ownership interest and the board seats held by individuals appointed by Liberty Broadband. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value of Liberty Broadband’s ownership in Charter was approximately $12,004 million. The market value of Liberty Broadband’s ownership in Charter as of December 31, 2018 was approximately $15,409 million, which represented an approximate economic ownership of 24% of the outstanding equity of Charter as of that date.

Pursuant to the proxy agreements with GCI Liberty, Inc. and A/N, Liberty Broadband has an irrevocable proxy to vote certain shares of Charter common stock owned beneficially or of record by GCI Liberty, Inc. and A/N following the closing of the Time Warner Cable Merger, for a five year term subject to extension upon the mutual agreement of both parties, subject to certain limitations.

As a result of the A/N Proxy and the GCI Liberty, Inc. Agreement, Liberty Broadband controls 25.01% of the aggregate voting power of Charter following the completion of the Time Warner Cable Merger and the Bright House Transaction and is Charter’s largest stockholder.

Additionally, so long as the A/N Proxy is in effect, if A/N proposes to transfer common units of Charter Communications Holdings, LLC (which units are exchangeable into Charter shares and which will, under certain circumstances, result in the conversion of certain shares of Class B Common Stock into Charter shares) or Charter shares, in each case, constituting either (i) shares representing the first 7.0% of the outstanding voting power of Charter held by A/N or (ii) shares representing the last 7.0% of the outstanding voting power of New Charter held by A/N, Liberty Broadband will have a right of first refusal (“ROFR”) to purchase all or a portion of any such securities A/N proposes to transfer. The purchase price per share for any securities sold to Liberty Broadband pursuant to the ROFR will be the volume-weighted average price of Charter shares for the two trading day period before the notice of a proposed sale by A/N, payable in cash. Certain transfers are permitted to affiliates of A/N, subject to the transferee entity entering into an agreement assuming the transferor’s obligations under the A/N Proxy.

During the years ended December 31, 2018,  2017 and 2016, there was a dilution loss of $44 million and $18 million, and a dilution gain of $771 million, respectively, in the Company’s investment in Charter. The gain during 2016 is primarily due to the Time Warner Cable Merger. Even after considering the exchange of Time Warner Cable shares held by Liberty Broadband to shares of Charter, Liberty Broadband’s interest in Charter was diluted as a result of the conversion of outstanding Time Warner Cable shares held by third parties into shares of Charter. However, Liberty Broadband recognized a gain during the period as Liberty Broadband’s investment basis in Charter was at a price per share below the new equity issued in the Time Warner Cable Merger. This gain was partially offset by losses due to the issuance of Charter common stock from the exercise of warrants and stock options, held by outside investors (employees and other third parties), at prices below Liberty Broadband’s investment basis per share during the year. The dilution losses during the other periods presented are attributable to stock option exercises by employees and other third parties at prices below Liberty Broadband’s book basis per share.

During the years ended December 31, 2018,  2017 and 2016, the Company recorded $172 thousand, $768 thousand and $811 thousand, respectively, of its share of Charter’s other comprehensive earnings, net of income taxes. Charter records gains and losses related to the fair value of its interest rate swap agreements which qualify as hedging activities in other comprehensive income. The pre-tax portion of Liberty Broadband’s share of Charter’s other comprehensive earnings was $0.2 million, $1.2 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018,  2017 and 2016, respectively.

The excess basis has increased to $3,298 million as of December 31, 2018.  Such amount has been allocated within memo accounts used for equity method accounting purposes as follows (amounts in millions):

Upon acquisition, the Company ascribed remaining useful lives of 7 years and 13 years to property and equipment and customer relationships, respectively, and indefinite lives to franchise fees, trademarks and goodwill. The excess basis of outstanding debt is amortized over the contractual period using the straight-line method. The increase in excess basis for the year ended December 31, 2018, was primarily due to Charter’s share buyback program. Included in our share of earnings from Charter of $166 million, $2,509 million and of $642 million for the years ended December 31, 2018,  2017 and 2016, respectively, are $119 million, $277 million and $42 million, respectively, of losses, net of taxes, due to the amortization of the excess basis of our investment in Charter related to property and equipment, debt and intangible assets with identifiable useful lives.

Accounting Changes

Charter adopted several new accounting standards as of January 1, 2018, including the new revenue guidance.  Charter adopted the new revenue guidance, as described in note 3, on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method with a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity. The January 1, 2018 adoption cumulative-effect adjustment consisted of an increase to other noncurrent assets of $120 million, an increase to accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $71 million, an increase to deferred income tax liabilities of $11 million and an increase to total shareholders’ equity of $38 million.  Charter applied the cumulative-effect method to all contracts as of January 1, 2018.  Operating results for the year ended December 31, 2018 are not materially different than results that would have been reported under previous guidance.

Also on January 1, 2018, Charter adopted guidance which requires both the selling entity and the buying entity in an intra-entity asset transfer (other than the transfer of inventory) to immediately recognize the current and deferred income tax consequences of the transaction. Income tax effects of intra-entity transfers of inventory will continue to be deferred until the inventory has been sold to a third party.  Charter adopted this guidance using a modified retrospective approach, with the cumulative-effect adjustment recognized directly to shareholders equity for the income tax effects of intra-entity asset transfers (other than transfers of inventory) that happened before the adoption date. Charter identified a $31 million increase to total shareholders' equity and corresponding increase to deferred tax assets related to the adoption, which was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Summarized financial information for Charter is as follows:

Consolidated Balance Sheets 

Consolidated Statements of Operations